LOCUS       NM_199385               2610 bp    mRNA    linear   ROD 04-APR-2024
DEFINITION  Rattus norvegicus dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Dld), mRNA;
            nuclear gene for mitochondrial product.
ACCESSION   NM_199385 XM_216682
VERSION     NM_199385.2
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; RefSeq Select.
SOURCE      Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
  ORGANISM  Rattus norvegicus
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha;
            Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Wang,Y., Guo,Y.R., Liu,K., Yin,Z., Liu,R., Xia,Y., Tan,L., Yang,P.,
            Lee,J.H., Li,X.J., Hawke,D., Zheng,Y., Qian,X., Lyu,J., He,J.,
            Xing,D., Tao,Y.J. and Lu,Z.
  TITLE     KAT2A coupled with the alpha-KGDH complex acts as a histone H3
            succinyltransferase
  JOURNAL   Nature 552 (7684), 273-277 (2017)
   PUBMED   29211711
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Wu,J., Jin,Z. and Yan,L.J.
  TITLE     Redox imbalance and mitochondrial abnormalities in the diabetic
            lung
  JOURNAL   Redox Biol 11, 51-59 (2017)
   PUBMED   27888691
  REMARK    GeneRIF: These results, together with the findings that the protein
            contents of DLDH, sirt3, and NQO1 all are decreased in the diabetic
            lung, demonstrate that redox imbalance, mitochondrial abnormality,
            and oxidative stress contribute to lung injury in diabetes.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Ji,X., Li,Z., Chen,H., Li,J., Tian,H., Li,Z., Gao,X., Xiang,Q.,
            Su,Z., Huang,Y. and Zhang,Q.
  TITLE     Cytotoxic mechanism related to dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in
            Leydig cells exposed to heavy metals
  JOURNAL   Toxicology 334, 22-32 (2015)
   PUBMED   25981801
  REMARK    GeneRIF: DLD is down-regulation and related to steroid biosynthesis
            in Leyig cells exposed to heavy metals; cAMP/PKA act as downstream
            effector molecules of DLD, which activate phosphorylation of ERK1/2
            to initiate the steroidogenesis.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Zhao,X., Leon,I.R., Bak,S., Mogensen,M., Wrzesinski,K., Hojlund,K.
            and Jensen,O.N.
  TITLE     Phosphoproteome analysis of functional mitochondria isolated from
            resting human muscle reveals extensive phosphorylation of inner
            membrane protein complexes and enzymes
  JOURNAL   Mol Cell Proteomics 10 (1), M110.000299 (2011)
   PUBMED   20833797
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Tibbetts,A.S. and Appling,D.R.
  TITLE     Compartmentalization of Mammalian folate-mediated one-carbon
            metabolism
  JOURNAL   Annu Rev Nutr 30, 57-81 (2010)
   PUBMED   20645850
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Harris,R.A., Bowker-Kinley,M.M., Wu,P., Jeng,J. and Popov,K.M.
  TITLE     Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein of the human
            pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. DNA-derived amino acid sequence,
            expression, and reconstitution of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
            complex
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 272 (32), 19746-19751 (1997)
   PUBMED   9242632
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Haramaki,N., Han,D., Handelman,G.J., Tritschler,H.J. and Packer,L.
  TITLE     Cytosolic and mitochondrial systems for NADH- and NADPH-dependent
            reduction of alpha-lipoic acid
  JOURNAL   Free Radic Biol Med 22 (3), 535-542 (1997)
   PUBMED   8981046
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Maury,J., Kerbey,A.L., Priestman,D.A., Patel,M.S., Girard,J. and
            Ferre,P.
  TITLE     Pretranslational regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
            subunits in white adipose tissue during the suckling-weaning
            transition in the rat
  JOURNAL   Biochem J 311 (Pt 2) (Pt 2), 531-535 (1995)
   PUBMED   7487891
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Ono,K., Hakozaki,M., Kimura,A. and Kochi,H.
  TITLE     Purification, resolution, and reconstitution of rat liver
            branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
  JOURNAL   J Biochem 101 (1), 19-27 (1987)
   PUBMED   3571202
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 2610)
  AUTHORS   Kunz,W.S.
  TITLE     Spectral properties of fluorescent flavoproteins of isolated rat
            liver mitochondria
  JOURNAL   FEBS Lett 195 (1-2), 92-96 (1986)
   PUBMED   3753688
COMMENT     VALIDATED REFSEQ: This record has undergone validation or
            preliminary review. The reference sequence was derived from
            FM100976.1, FM093110.1, FM046215.1, FM087994.1, FM044626.1 and
            FM139628.1.
            
            On Jan 24, 2014 this sequence version replaced NM_199385.1.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a member of the class-I pyridine
            nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. A similar protein in
            human, mouse, and pig has been identified as a moonlighting protein
            based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions.
            In homodimeric form, the protein functions as a dehydrogenase and
            is found in several multi-enzyme complexes that regulate energy
            metabolism. However, as a monomer, the protein can function as a
            protease. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: FQ215299.1, BC062069.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA5760400 [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: inferred from homology
            multifunctional gene product(s)    :: inferred from conservation
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on conservation,
                                                  expression, longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-598               FM100976.1         1-598
            599-1054            FM093110.1         177-632
            1055-1451           FM046215.1         225-621
            1452-1984           FM087994.1         75-607
            1985-2450           FM044626.1         39-504
            2451-2610           FM139628.1         487-646
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..2610
                     /organism="Rattus norvegicus"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /strain="BN"
                     /db_xref="taxon:10116"
                     /chromosome="6"
                     /map="6q16"
     gene            1..2610
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /note="dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:298942"
                     /db_xref="RGD:735073"
     exon            1..122
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             84..1613
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /EC_number="1.8.1.4"
                     /note="dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial;
                     dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3 component of pyruvate
                     dehydrogenase complex, 2-oxo-glutarate complex, branched
                     chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex)"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
                     precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_955417.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:298942"
                     /db_xref="RGD:735073"
                     /translation="MQSWSRVYCSLAKKGHFNRLSHGLQGASSVPLRTYSDQPIDADV
                     TVIGSGPGGYVAAIKAAQLGFKTVCIEKNETLGGTCLNVGCIPSKALLNNSHYYHLAH
                     GKDFASRGIEIPEVRLNLEKMMEQKRSAVKALTGGIAHLFKQNKVVHVNGFGKITGKN
                     QVTATTADGSTQVIGTKNILIATGSEVTPFPGITIDEDTIVSSTGALSLKKVPEKLVV
                     IGAGVIGVELGSVWQRLGADVTAVEFLGHVGGIGIDMEISKNFQRILQKQGFKFKLNT
                     KVTGATKKSDGKIDVSVEAASGGKAEVITCDVLLVCIGRRPFTQNLGLEELGIELDPK
                     GRIPVNTRFQTKIPNIFAIGDVVAGPMLAHKAEDEGIICVEGMAGGAVHIDYNCVPSV
                     IYTHPEVAWVGKSEEQLKEEGVEFKVGKFPFAANSRAKTNADTDGMVKILGHKSTDRI
                     LGAHILGPGAGEMVNEAALALEYGASCEDVARVCHAHPTLSEAFREANLAASFGKPIN
                     F"
     exon            123..201
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            202..281
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            282..350
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            351..420
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            421..521
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            522..665
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            666..767
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            768..958
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            959..1129
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1130..1319
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1320..1457
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1458..1547
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1548..2610
                     /gene="Dld"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
ORIGIN      
        1 cgcagggtgg ggagaccttg gataagtcta ctaggcgttc tgcggaggtg aaagccctgg
       61 tgtagggacg ggaacgaggg aagatgcaga gctggagtcg tgtgtactgc tccttggcca
      121 agaaaggcca tttcaatcgg ctgtctcatg gcctacaggg ggcttcttca gttccattaa
      181 gaacttattc agatcaacca attgatgctg atgtgacagt gataggttct ggtcctggag
      241 gatatgttgc tgccatcaaa gctgcccagt taggctttaa gacagtctgc attgagaaga
      301 atgaaacact aggaggaaca tgcttgaatg ttggttgtat tccttcaaag gctttattaa
      361 ataattctca ttattaccat ttggcccatg gaaaagattt tgcatctagg ggaattgaaa
      421 taccagaagt tcgcttgaat ttagagaaga tgatggagca gaagcgttct gcagtaaaag
      481 cattaacagg gggaattgcc cacttattca aacaaaataa ggttgttcat gtcaatggat
      541 ttggaaagat aactggcaag aatcaggtta cagctacaac ggccgatggc agcactcagg
      601 ttattggtac caaaaacatc cttatagcta cgggctcaga agttactcct tttcccggaa
      661 tcacgattga tgaagacact atagtgtcgt ctacgggagc tttatcctta aaaaaagttc
      721 cagagaagtt ggttgttatt ggtgcaggag taatcggtgt ggaattgggt tcagtttggc
      781 aaagacttgg tgcagatgtg acagcggttg aatttttggg tcatgtgggt ggaattggaa
      841 tcgacatgga gatatctaaa aattttcaac gtattcttca aaagcaagga tttaagttta
      901 agctgaatac aaaagttact ggtgccacca agaagtcaga tggaaaaatt gatgtgtctg
      961 tcgaagctgc atctggtggg aaagctgaag tcatcacgtg tgatgtactc ttggtttgca
     1021 tcggtcgacg gccctttacg cagaatttgg gactagaaga gcttggaatt gaactagatc
     1081 ccaaaggtag aattccagtc aataccagat ttcaaactaa aattccaaat atctttgcta
     1141 ttggagatgt ggttgctggt ccaatgttgg ctcacaaagc agaagatgaa ggcatcatct
     1201 gtgtggaagg aatggcgggt ggtgctgtgc acattgatta taattgtgtg ccttcagtga
     1261 tttacacaca ccccgaggtt gcttgggttg gcaaatcaga agaacagttg aaagaagagg
     1321 gtgtcgagtt caaagttgga aaattcccat ttgctgcaaa cagcagagct aaaacaaatg
     1381 ctgacacaga tggcatggtc aagattcttg gacataaatc cacagataga atactgggag
     1441 cacatattct aggaccaggt gctggagaaa tggtgaatga agccgccctg gcattggaat
     1501 atggagcgtc ctgtgaagac gtagctagag tctgccatgc acatccgacc ttatcagagg
     1561 cttttagaga agcaaacttg gctgcgtctt ttggcaaacc aatcaacttt taattagaag
     1621 attgtttttc ttaaaacctg gaagattttg tcaacattac aacattttga acaggataat
     1681 ctcccagttc taagaatttg taggatgaaa ttatgaaact tctggaagat atttagtagg
     1741 tttgaacaga atggaataac cgtgtatacc tgtatttcaa gtattttgtt ccagtgcatt
     1801 aatgcaaaca gaaagctaca tatagcagcg ttctggaaag tttttgaccc gttttcatac
     1861 ggtctacgag attcgacatt actgaattag taatcacaga ttttacctct catttagtgg
     1921 aggtcaatct gttgacaagg aaggagctgg agaatacatg tgaacaactt gaagaaaact
     1981 ggccaagtta ctttaaattt ggttttcata ttggaaacga gtcagtgact agaacaagat
     2041 tcaaatatgt acaaacaact tatgtaaata aaagtgattg tctctcattt tatttaactt
     2101 ccaaattcct ggcagtttac aggtagaatt acatgtttaa acattgaggc tataggtctg
     2161 taagtctaaa tgaagattct gtccacagaa ctattaaatg tagacttatg attataccag
     2221 ggaatgaaga taccaaaata aacatgtcct aagtacttgt ttactggtta ttctgagtgc
     2281 gtattaagat gattctagtt cttaactacc tctgattacc ttttattttt aattgttcca
     2341 tctctaccac tgaatgtttt cacattgtac agctgtatta aggtatttta tggtcattac
     2401 cctttcattt gttttacata taactgtcca atttttaggc tgtaccttta ggagtgtaag
     2461 ggaatctgta atgtgctttg ttttcctatg tagctttcct tggtttagta aatggtctat
     2521 ttatgtagat gagtatactg tagctgtttt cagacacaca tcagatgcca ttagatgatt
     2581 gtgagccacc atgtagatgc tgggaattga
//
