LOCUS       NM_001014261            1955 bp    mRNA    linear   ROD 07-FEB-2025
DEFINITION  Rattus norvegicus antizyme inhibitor 2 (Azin2), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_001014261 XM_345583
VERSION     NM_001014261.3
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; RefSeq Select.
SOURCE      Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
  ORGANISM  Rattus norvegicus
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha;
            Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Lambertos,A., Ramos-Molina,B., Lopez-Contreras,A.J., Cremades,A.
            and Penafiel,R.
  TITLE     New insights of polyamine metabolism in testicular physiology: A
            role of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2) in the
            modulation of testosterone levels and sperm motility
  JOURNAL   PLoS One 13 (12), e0209202 (2018)
   PUBMED   30566531
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Study found a close ontogenic similarity in the mRNA
            levels of antizymes and antizyme inhibitors (AZiIN2) between mice
            and rats, but an opposite expression pattern of ornithine
            decarboxylase activity.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Li,X., He,X., Wang,H., Li,M., Huang,S., Chen,G., Jing,Y., Wang,S.,
            Chen,Y., Liao,W., Liao,Y. and Bin,J.
  TITLE     Loss of AZIN2 splice variant facilitates endogenous cardiac
            regeneration
  JOURNAL   Cardiovasc Res 114 (12), 1642-1655 (2018)
   PUBMED   29584819
  REMARK    GeneRIF: AZIN2 splice variant suppressed endogenous cardiac
            regeneration by targeting the PTEN/Akt pathway.
            Erratum:[Cardiovasc Res. 2018 Oct 1;114(12):1628. doi:
            10.1093/cvr/cvy194.. PMID: 30137261]
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Wang,S., Lv,Q., Yang,Y., Guo,L.H., Wan,B., Ren,X. and Zhang,H.
  TITLE     Arginine decarboxylase: A novel biological target of mercury
            compounds identified in PC12 cells
  JOURNAL   Biochem Pharmacol 118, 109-120 (2016)
   PUBMED   27565891
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Data suggest that inhibition of Adc (arginine
            decarboxylase) in agmatinergic neurons (here, pheochromocytoma/PC12
            cell line) is target of mercury compounds (here, MeHg, EtHg, PhHg,
            and HgCl2); upon cell exposure, mercury compounds enter the cell,
            inhibit Adc decarboxylation of arginine, and thereby decrease the
            level of agmatine, an endogenous neuroprotective/neurorescue agent.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Ramos-Molina,B., Lambertos,A., Lopez-Contreras,A.J., Kasprzak,J.M.,
            Czerwoniec,A., Bujnicki,J.M., Cremades,A. and Penafiel,R.
  TITLE     Structural and degradative aspects of ornithine decarboxylase
            antizyme inhibitor 2
  JOURNAL   FEBS Open Bio 4, 510-521 (2014)
   PUBMED   24967154
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Kanerva,K., Makitie,L.T., Back,N. and Andersson,L.C.
  TITLE     Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor 2 regulates
            intracellular vesicle trafficking
  JOURNAL   Exp Cell Res 316 (11), 1896-1906 (2010)
   PUBMED   20188728
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Lopez-Contreras,A.J., Sanchez-Laorden,B.L., Ramos-Molina,B., de la
            Morena,M.E., Cremades,A. and Penafiel,R.
  TITLE     Subcellular localization of antizyme inhibitor 2 in mammalian
            cells: Influence of intrinsic sequences and interaction with
            antizymes
  JOURNAL   J Cell Biochem 107 (4), 732-740 (2009)
   PUBMED   19449338
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Lopez-Contreras,A.J., Ramos-Molina,B., Cremades,A. and Penafiel,R.
  TITLE     Antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2/ODCp) stimulates polyamine uptake in
            mammalian cells
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 283 (30), 20761-20769 (2008)
   PUBMED   18508777
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Kanerva,K., Makitie,L.T., Pelander,A., Heiskala,M. and
            Andersson,L.C.
  TITLE     Human ornithine decarboxylase paralogue (ODCp) is an antizyme
            inhibitor but not an arginine decarboxylase
  JOURNAL   Biochem J 409 (1), 187-192 (2008)
   PUBMED   17900240
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Lopez-Contreras,A.J., Lopez-Garcia,C., Jimenez-Cervantes,C.,
            Cremades,A. and Penafiel,R.
  TITLE     Mouse ornithine decarboxylase-like gene encodes an antizyme
            inhibitor devoid of ornithine and arginine decarboxylating activity
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 281 (41), 30896-30906 (2006)
   PUBMED   16916800
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1955)
  AUTHORS   Iyo,A.H., Zhu,M.Y., Ordway,G.A. and Regunathan,S.
  TITLE     Expression of arginine decarboxylase in brain regions and neuronal
            cells
  JOURNAL   J Neurochem 96 (4), 1042-1050 (2006)
   PUBMED   16445852
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Arginine decarboxylase is expressed in rat brain regions,
            is regulated in neuronal cells, and down-regulation of its activity
            by specific siRNA leads to lower agmatine production.
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from CK470797.1, HQ413774.1 and
            BC078981.1.
            
            On Sep 20, 2014 this sequence version replaced NM_001014261.2.
            
            Summary: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the antizyme
            inhibitor family, which plays a role in cell growth and
            proliferation by maintaining polyamine homeostasis within the cell.
            Antizyme inhibitors are homologs of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC,
            the key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis) that have lost the
            ability to decarboxylase ornithine; however, retain the ability to
            bind to antizymes. Antizymes negatively regulate intracellular
            polyamine levels by binding to ODC and targeting it for
            degradation, as well as by inhibiting polyamine uptake. Antizyme
            inhibitors function as positive regulators of polyamine levels by
            sequestering antizymes and neutralizing their effect. This gene
            encodes antizyme inhibitor 2, the second member of this gene
            family. Like antizyme inhibitor 1, antizyme inhibitor 2 interacts
            with all 3 antizymes and stimulates ODC activity and polyamine
            uptake. However, unlike antizyme inhibitor 1, which is ubiquitously
            expressed and localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, antizyme
            inhibitor 2 is predominantly expressed in the brain and testis and
            localized in the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi intermediate
            compartment. Recent studies indicate that antizyme inhibitor 2 is
            also expressed in specific cell types in ovaries, adrenal glands
            and pancreas, and in mast cells. The exact function of this gene is
            not known, however, available data suggest its role in cell growth,
            spermiogenesis, vesicular trafficking and secretion. There has been
            confusion in literature and databases over the nomenclature of this
            gene, stemming from an earlier report that a human cDNA clone
            (identical to ODCp/AZIN2) had arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity
            (PMID:14738999). Subsequent studies in human and mouse showed that
            antizyme inhibitor 2 was devoid of arginine decarboxylase activity
            (PMID:19956990). [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            CDS exon combination :: HQ413774.1 [ECO:0000331]
            RNAseq introns       :: single sample supports all introns
                                    SAMEA5760383, SAMEA5760389 [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on single protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-339               CK470797.1         17-355
            340-1719            HQ413774.1         1-1380
            1720-1955           BC078981.1         1486-1721
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1955
                     /organism="Rattus norvegicus"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:10116"
                     /chromosome="5"
                     /map="5q36"
     gene            1..1955
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /note="antizyme inhibitor 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:366473"
                     /db_xref="RGD:1564776"
     exon            1..126
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            127..247
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            248..444
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             340..1719
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /note="arginine decarboxylase; ODC-like protein; ornithine
                     decarboxylase paralog; ornithine decarboxylase-like
                     protein"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="antizyme inhibitor 2"
                     /protein_id="NP_001014283.2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:366473"
                     /db_xref="RGD:1564776"
                     /translation="MAGYLSESDFVMVEEGFSTRDLLEELTLGASQATTGKVAAFFVA
                     DLGAVVRKHFCFLKYLPRVRPFYAVRCNSSLGVLKVLAELGLGFSCASKAEMELVQHI
                     GVPASKIICANPCKQVAQIKYAAKHGVRLLSFDNEVELAKVVKSHPSAKMVLCIATQD
                     SHSLNHLSLRFGASLKSCRHLLENAKQSHVEVVGVSFHIGSGCPDPQAYAQSIADARL
                     VFQMGAELGHTMNILDLGGGFPGLEGAKVRFEEMASVINSALDLYFPEGCGVDILAEL
                     GRYYVTSAFTVAVSIVAKKEVLDQPSREEQTGAAPKSIVYHLDEGVYGVFNSVLFDNT
                     CPTPALQKKPSADQPLYSSSLWGPAVDGCDCVAEGLWLPQLQVGDWLVFDNMGAYTVD
                     TKSLLGGTQACRVTYAMSRLAWEALQGQLLPAEEDQDAEGVCKPLSCGWEITDSLCVG
                     PVFTPASIM"
     exon            445..618
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            619..791
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            792..926
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            927..1092
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1093..1252
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1253..1365
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1366..1580
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1581..1926
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     polyA_site      1926
                     /gene="Azin2"
                     /gene_synonym="Adc; AzI2; ODC-p; RGD1564776"
ORIGIN      
        1 ctgctgggcg cgcggggcgc aggccgcggg gccggagccg gggggagcga gcgagcggag
       61 gcgccgagga tccgattcac tcgctgggga gacctatggg ccgaagccgt gtaaatgcgt
      121 tttaagcagg ggcctcggct ccgcaactgc cactcctcct cggggtgttg cacaagtttc
      181 gaggtcaccg gcgacccccc ctagcagcgc gcctggctct ggcccccgcg aaggaggacg
      241 gggcttgtgt gttgcatact ttctaaggcg gtggccaagg cagccagcgg tgctccaagg
      301 cagcagtttc atccagcccc tgggctcccc ctgctcagca tggctggcta cctcagtgaa
      361 tcggactttg tgatggtgga ggagggcttc agcacccggg atctgctgga ggaactcact
      421 ctgggggcct cccaggccac cacgggcaag gtggctgcct tcttcgtggc cgacctgggt
      481 gctgtagtga ggaagcactt ctgctttctg aagtacctgc ctcgagtccg gcctttttat
      541 gctgtcaggt gcaacagcag tcttggcgtg ctgaaggtcc tggccgagct gggactgggc
      601 ttcagctgtg ccagcaaggc agagatggag ttggtccagc acattggtgt ccctgccagt
      661 aagatcatct gtgccaaccc ctgtaagcaa gttgcccaga tcaagtatgc tgccaagcac
      721 ggggtgagac tgctaagctt cgacaatgaa gtggaactgg ccaaggtggt caagagccac
      781 cccagtgcca agatggttct gtgcattgct acccaggact cccactctct gaatcacctg
      841 agcttgaggt tcggggcgtc gctgaaatcc tgcagacatc tgctcgagaa cgccaagcag
      901 agccatgtgg aggtggtggg tgtgagtttt cacattggta gtggctgtcc tgaccctcag
      961 gcctatgccc agtccatcgc ggatgccagg ctcgtgtttc aaatgggtgc ggagctgggc
     1021 cacacgatga acatcctgga ccttggcggc ggctttcctg gcttagaggg agccaaagtg
     1081 agatttgaag agatggcctc agtgattaac tcagccttgg acctgtactt ccctgagggc
     1141 tgcggtgtgg acatccttgc tgagctgggc cgctactatg tgacgtcagc cttcactgtg
     1201 gccgtcagca tcgttgccaa gaaggaggtt ctggaccagc ccagcaggga ggagcaaacc
     1261 ggcgcagccc ctaagagcat cgtgtaccac cttgatgaag gtgtttatgg ggtcttcaac
     1321 tcagtcctgt ttgacaacac ctgccccacc cccgccctgc agaagaaacc atctgcggat
     1381 caaccgctgt acagcagtag cctgtggggc ccagcagttg acggctgcga ctgtgtggct
     1441 gagggcctat ggctgccgca actacaagta ggggactggc tggtctttga caacatgggt
     1501 gcttacaccg tggacacaaa gtcccttctc ggggggaccc aggcctgcag agtcacttat
     1561 gccatgtccc ggctagcctg ggaagccctt caagggcagc tgctgcctgc agaagaagac
     1621 caggacgccg agggtgtgtg caaacctctg tcctgcggct gggagatcac agacagcctg
     1681 tgtgtgggcc ctgtcttcac cccagcaagc atcatgtgag tgggcctgct ttcccagaga
     1741 atcccagcgg ggccaaggag atgcctccgg agaggtgggc gaggcagcga gctggtaccc
     1801 tctggccagg actctggtgc tcgctctgcc gccccacgct ccacctgtag tgtttctgcc
     1861 ctgtaaatag gaccagtctt acactcgctg tagttcaagt atgcaacata aatcctgtcc
     1921 cttccaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa
//
