LOCUS       NM_175343               5625 bp    mRNA    linear   ROD 09-FEB-2025
DEFINITION  Mus musculus choline dehydrogenase (Chdh), transcript variant 2,
            mRNA; nuclear gene for mitochondrial product.
ACCESSION   NM_175343
VERSION     NM_175343.5
KEYWORDS    RefSeq.
SOURCE      Mus musculus (house mouse)
  ORGANISM  Mus musculus
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha;
            Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Adams,D.J., Barlas,B., McIntyre,R.E., Salguero,I., van der
            Weyden,L., Barros,A., Vicente,J.R., Karimpour,N., Haider,A.,
            Ranzani,M., Turner,G., Thompson,N.A., Harle,V., Olvera-Leon,R.,
            Robles-Espinoza,C.D., Speak,A.O., Geisler,N., Weninger,W.J.,
            Geyer,S.H., Hewinson,J., Karp,N.A., Fu,B., Yang,F., Kozik,Z.,
            Choudhary,J., Yu,L., van Ruiten,M.S., Rowland,B.D., Lelliott,C.J.,
            Del Castillo Velasco-Herrera,M., Verstraten,R., Bruckner,L.,
            Henssen,A.G., Rooimans,M.A., de Lange,J., Mohun,T.J., Arends,M.J.,
            Kentistou,K.A., Coelho,P.A., Zhao,Y., Zecchini,H., Perry,J.R.B.,
            Jackson,S.P. and Balmus,G.
  CONSRTM   Sanger Mouse Genetics Project
  TITLE     Genetic determinants of micronucleus formation in vivo
  JOURNAL   Nature 627 (8002), 130-136 (2024)
   PUBMED   38355793
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Imbard,A., Schwendimann,L., Lebon,S., Gressens,P., Blom,H.J. and
            Benoist,J.F.
  TITLE     Liver and brain differential expression of one-carbon metabolism
            genes during ontogenesis
  JOURNAL   Sci Rep 11 (1), 21132 (2021)
   PUBMED   34702858
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Ohnishi,T., Balan,S., Toyoshima,M., Maekawa,M., Ohba,H.,
            Watanabe,A., Iwayama,Y., Fujita,Y., Tan,Y., Hisano,Y.,
            Shimamoto-Mitsuyama,C., Nozaki,Y., Esaki,K., Nagaoka,A.,
            Matsumoto,J., Hino,M., Mataga,N., Hayashi-Takagi,A., Hashimoto,K.,
            Kunii,Y., Kakita,A., Yabe,H. and Yoshikawa,T.
  TITLE     Investigation of betaine as a novel psychotherapeutic for
            schizophrenia
  JOURNAL   EBioMedicine 45, 432-446 (2019)
   PUBMED   31255657
  REMARK    GeneRIF: CHDH variant, rs35518479, was identified as a
            cis-expression quantitative trait locus (QTL) for CHDH expression
            in postmortem brains from schizophrenia, allowing genotype-based
            stratification of schizophrenia patients for betaine efficacy
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   McClatchie,T., Meredith,M., Ouedraogo,M.O., Slow,S., Lever,M.,
            Mann,M.R.W., Zeisel,S.H., Trasler,J.M. and Baltz,J.M.
  TITLE     Betaine is accumulated via transient choline dehydrogenase
            activation during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 292 (33), 13784-13794 (2017)
   PUBMED   28663368
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Data, including data from studies using
            transgenic/knockout mice, suggest that betaine accumulates during
            oocyte meiotic maturation; the mechanism appears to be transient
            activation of Chdh; Chdh is again inactive in the zygote (that is,
            after fertilization).
            Erratum:[J Biol Chem. 2020 Jul 31;295(31):10868. doi:
            10.1074/jbc.AAC120.015069.. PMID: 32737146]
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Nishihara,H., Kobayashi,N., Kimura-Yoshida,C., Yan,K., Bormuth,O.,
            Ding,Q., Nakanishi,A., Sasaki,T., Hirakawa,M., Sumiyama,K.,
            Furuta,Y., Tarabykin,V., Matsuo,I. and Okada,N.
  TITLE     Coordinately Co-opted Multiple Transposable Elements Constitute an
            Enhancer for wnt5a Expression in the Mammalian Secondary Palate
  JOURNAL   PLoS Genet 12 (10), e1006380 (2016)
   PUBMED   27741242
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Johnson,A.R., Craciunescu,C.N., Guo,Z., Teng,Y.W., Thresher,R.J.,
            Blusztajn,J.K. and Zeisel,S.H.
  TITLE     Deletion of murine choline dehydrogenase results in diminished
            sperm motility
  JOURNAL   FASEB J 24 (8), 2752-2761 (2010)
   PUBMED   20371614
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Loss of CHDH activity resulted in decreased testicular
            betaine and increased choline and PCho concentrations; impaired
            fertility was due to diminished sperm motility in the Chdh(-/-)
            males
            Erratum:[FASEB J. 2018 May;32(5):2899. doi:
            10.1096/fj.09-153718ERR.. PMID: 29698116]
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Kim,S.C., Sprung,R., Chen,Y., Xu,Y., Ball,H., Pei,J., Cheng,T.,
            Kho,Y., Xiao,H., Xiao,L., Grishin,N.V., White,M., Yang,X.J. and
            Zhao,Y.
  TITLE     Substrate and functional diversity of lysine acetylation revealed
            by a proteomics survey
  JOURNAL   Mol Cell 23 (4), 607-618 (2006)
   PUBMED   16916647
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Da Cruz,S., Xenarios,I., Langridge,J., Vilbois,F., Parone,P.A. and
            Martinou,J.C.
  TITLE     Proteomic analysis of the mouse liver mitochondrial inner membrane
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 278 (42), 41566-41571 (2003)
   PUBMED   12865426
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Carninci,P., Waki,K., Shiraki,T., Konno,H., Shibata,K., Itoh,M.,
            Aizawa,K., Arakawa,T., Ishii,Y., Sasaki,D., Bono,H., Kondo,S.,
            Sugahara,Y., Saito,R., Osato,N., Fukuda,S., Sato,K., Watahiki,A.,
            Hirozane-Kishikawa,T., Nakamura,M., Shibata,Y., Yasunishi,A.,
            Kikuchi,N., Yoshiki,A., Kusakabe,M., Gustincich,S., Beisel,K.,
            Pavan,W., Aidinis,V., Nakagawara,A., Held,W.A., Iwata,H., Kono,T.,
            Nakauchi,H., Lyons,P., Wells,C., Hume,D.A., Fagiolini,M.,
            Hensch,T.K., Brinkmeier,M., Camper,S., Hirota,J., Mombaerts,P.,
            Muramatsu,M., Okazaki,Y., Kawai,J. and Hayashizaki,Y.
  TITLE     Targeting a complex transcriptome: the construction of the mouse
            full-length cDNA encyclopedia
  JOURNAL   Genome Res 13 (6B), 1273-1289 (2003)
   PUBMED   12819125
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 5625)
  AUTHORS   Tian,E., Sawyer,J.R., Largaespada,D.A., Jenkins,N.A., Copeland,N.G.
            and Shaughnessy,J.D. Jr.
  TITLE     Evi27 encodes a novel membrane protein with homology to the IL17
            receptor
  JOURNAL   Oncogene 19 (17), 2098-2109 (2000)
   PUBMED   10815801
COMMENT     VALIDATED REFSEQ: This record has undergone validation or
            preliminary review. The reference sequence was derived from
            AK030900.1, AK164042.1 and AK052715.1.
            
            On Oct 29, 2008 this sequence version replaced NM_175343.4.
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared
            to variant 1. Variants 1, 2 and 3 encode the same protein.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: AK030900.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMN00849383, SAMN00849388
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: reported by MitoCarta
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-777               AK030900.1         2-778
            778-892             AK164042.1         641-755
            893-3406            AK030900.1         894-3407
            3407-5414           AK052715.1         3415-5422
            5415-5625           AK052715.1         5424-5634
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..5625
                     /organism="Mus musculus"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /strain="C57BL/6"
                     /db_xref="taxon:10090"
                     /chromosome="14"
                     /map="14 18.4 cM"
     gene            1..5625
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="choline dehydrogenase"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:218865"
                     /db_xref="MGI:MGI:1860776"
     exon            1..207
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            208..967
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             259..2049
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /EC_number="1.1.99.1"
                     /note="CDH; CHD"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial"
                     /protein_id="NP_780552.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS26892.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:218865"
                     /db_xref="MGI:MGI:1860776"
                     /translation="MWQVLRGWRKGWQSPRGALAWAVQGQPCPPCSRAVASVGKDEYT
                     FVVVGAGSAGCVLASRLTEDPNHRVLLLEAGPKDLLMGSKRLQWKIHMPAALVSNLCD
                     DKYNWYYHTEPQPGMDSRVLYWPRGRVWGGSSSLNAMVYIRGHAEDYNRWHREGAEGW
                     DYAHCLPYFRKAQRHELGANMYRGGDGPLHVSRGKTNHPLHQAFLQAARQAGYPFTED
                     MNGFQQEGFGWMDMTVHQGKRWSTACAYLHPVLSRPNLRAEVQTLVSRVLFEGTRAVG
                     VEYIKDGQRHKAYVSREVILSGGAINSPQLLMLSGVGNADDLRKLDIPVVCHLPGVGQ
                     NLQDHLEVYVQQACTQPITLHSAQKPLRKVCIGLEWLWSYTGDGATAHLETGGFIRSR
                     PGVPHPDIQFHFLPSQVIDHGRKPTQQEAYQVHVGTMRATSVGWLKLRSANPRDHPVI
                     HPNYLSTETDVEDFRQCVRLSREIFAQEALAPFRGKELQPGSHVQSDKEIDAFVRAKA
                     DSAYHPSCTCKMGRSSDPTAVVDAQTKVIGVENLRVVDASIMPSVVSGNLNAPTVMIA
                     EKAADIIKGHPALEDKNVPVYKPQTLDTQR"
     exon            968..1119
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1120..1249
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1250..1384
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1385..1527
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1528..1630
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1631..5625
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      3358..3363
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="hexamer: TATAAA"
     regulatory      3383..3388
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="hexamer: AACAAG"
     polyA_site      3384
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     polyA_site      3408
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 catgctgtag cctgtggctc gcttcccagg tggcgtttgc taagaagacc tctgtttcct
       61 ctttgagcga tttaggctgc ggttgaaaac cagttgggcc atctatgcaa ggactcgttt
      121 ctgcattatt gcattagttc aaatgtcttc tgacaccact gcagtttccg caactatgga
      181 gttgcagtaa ttgtagaatc cagaactgaa aagactcttc caactcctgt cggtggatag
      241 aggaactggg ctggaagcat gtggcaggtc cttagaggct ggaggaaagg atggcagagc
      301 ccacgtggag ccctggcatg ggctgtgcag ggccagccat gccccccttg cagccgcgct
      361 gttgccagtg tgggcaagga tgagtacacc tttgtggtgg tgggcgcagg ctctgctggc
      421 tgtgtgctgg ctagtcggct caccgaggac ccgaatcatc gggtgctgct gctagaggca
      481 ggacctaagg acttgttgat ggggagcaag cggcttcagt ggaagatcca catgccggct
      541 gcccttgtgt ccaacctgtg tgatgacaaa tacaactggt actatcacac tgagcctcag
      601 cccggcatgg acagtcgcgt gctgtactgg ccacgaggcc gggtctgggg tggctcctca
      661 tccctcaatg ccatggtcta catccgagga cacgccgagg actataaccg ctggcaccgt
      721 gaaggtgctg agggttggga ctatgcacac tgcctgccct acttccgcaa ggcgcagaga
      781 catgagctgg gtgccaatat gtaccgcggt ggggatggcc cactgcatgt gtctcggggc
      841 aagaccaacc acccgcttca ccaggccttc ctgcaggcag cacgtcaggc tggctacccc
      901 ttcactgaag acatgaatgg cttccaacag gagggcttcg gctggatgga catgactgtc
      961 caccaaggga agcgctggag cacagcctgc gcctacttgc acccggtgct gagccgcccc
     1021 aacctcaggg ccgaggtcca gacacttgta agcagagtgc tgtttgaggg cacccgtgca
     1081 gtaggtgtgg agtacatcaa ggacggccag agacacaagg cttacgtcag cagggaggtg
     1141 atcctgagcg ggggagccat caactctcca cagctgctca tgctctctgg cgttggcaat
     1201 gcagatgacc tcaggaaact ggatatccct gtggtgtgcc acctgcctgg agttgggcag
     1261 aacctgcagg accacctgga ggtctacgtt cagcaagcgt gcacacagcc catcaccctc
     1321 cactctgccc agaagcctct gcggaaggtc tgcatcggcc tggagtggct ctggagctac
     1381 acaggggacg gagccacagc ccatcttgag accggagggt tcatccgcag ccgacctggg
     1441 gtccctcatc cggacatcca gttccacttc ctgccatcgc aagtgattga ccatgggcgg
     1501 aaacccaccc agcaggaagc ttaccaggtg cacgtgggaa ccatgagggc cacaagtgtg
     1561 ggctggctga aactgagaag tgccaacccc cgggaccacc ctgtgatcca tcccaactac
     1621 ttgtcaacag aaaccgatgt cgaggacttc cgtcagtgtg tgaggctgtc acgagaaatt
     1681 tttgcccagg aagccttggc tccatttcgg ggaaaagagc tgcagcccgg aagccacgtc
     1741 cagtcagaca aagagataga tgcctttgtg cgggcaaaag cagacagtgc ttaccacccc
     1801 tcgtgcacct gtaagatggg ccggtcctct gaccccactg ccgtggttga cgcgcaaacc
     1861 aaggtcatcg gcgtagaaaa cctcagggtc gttgatgcct ccatcatgcc cagcgtggtc
     1921 agcggcaacc tgaacgctcc cacggtaatg attgcagaga aagcagccga cattattaag
     1981 ggacaccctg cacttgagga caagaatgtt cctgtctaca agccccagac tctggacacc
     2041 cagcgttaag acagacagcc attgcctgag gacgacagag gaactcaggc caagccaaga
     2101 gatccagcca gtacagccct gccctagata tttctgaacc ggtatataga cactcgggac
     2161 ccagataccc cgactcttgg ctcagacttt catggtttct gaggaaatga ggtcatggta
     2221 ggcagtgagg caagtccctt ttcccagtgt ctctctgatg cccctccaca aaaagcctag
     2281 caagcaagct ggggccctcc ccctggctgc ctgcgggtag caggtggggt agctaacatg
     2341 gttttcttgt ctccagttca gagctctgct tccaggaagg actgggatga tcctttccct
     2401 ggtctcccac ctgaggccat tcctgcaaag tcagggtggt tgaactggac tgggctctcc
     2461 aaggaagctt ttgctgaagc caagaggcag gtagcagctc agctgggctg gttacctgag
     2521 cttatgtccc caattagagg gacaggcagc agctagagga cgcctcatcc ccctctgcac
     2581 ttctctcctg ccctgattta aatctgaaga gcgaggcaca gggacgaggg ctcaggtgac
     2641 tgcacaactc aacgcctacc actctggctc tcatgaaacc gtccaggtga gaggcttgca
     2701 ggacgttgtt caagaaaagg ccattttggc ctcactgcca aaggttttat tgtttaaccc
     2761 ttaccacaca aaagtgcagg agtatagagc cagtcccaca tgccagtcac tacctcatgc
     2821 caaggacatg agcccacgag gtcctttcat ggtggcccca gaaatggccc aggcaccaga
     2881 gctacttctg cagacagggc tggccgtttc ttattctcta gacgtgagaa cagagagcat
     2941 ggcaccaagg ctgatggaga acagcaaagg actttggagt gaaagataaa ccagctagaa
     3001 ttcgagtctt gggtcagggg agcagatacc agcagcattt acaagagctc tttgatctgg
     3061 aaattcctca taaatttgga tgtaaccggt aacttaattt ttgagccaag ctgcctcatt
     3121 ccaactgttc ttatgagaga atgggggtca gacgcattgt aggttagttt tcctgaagat
     3181 gtccaaagcc atcatctgta gtcgggaaga aagggatcgc tgtatagaaa tcacatggct
     3241 gagtgaagaa gagagaggaa atagcaggat tccagggtcc cctagggttg actggcagga
     3301 gctgccttct ggacttctga gtctgagaag acccttcaaa gggttcaaaa aacaaattat
     3361 aaaccaacac ttttactttg aaaacaaggt tgcccttatt tcatcttacc tgctttgcct
     3421 tttgtttttt gtttttttgt tttgtttttt cctgttcaaa aagaagatca aggaaatcct
     3481 aggtctgcca agagatcctc acagggcagg tgttagacgg ccgtcatccg tagcatcttt
     3541 agcagcacag gtgtcacccc tgggagggcc atgttctcct ctcaggctca gcggcgtttg
     3601 agaataagcg aagatcaacc tggcgtgccc ctcagttgca gtcgggcctt tctctcactt
     3661 cggcataggg aggctggctt cacgtgctga catgatttag ccacataagg aaacgagttt
     3721 cccgagacaa gaagtcgatg ttacgtgccc agaactcaca gatggcgaca tcgggacaga
     3781 acatgaggtt tggagggatc ctcgctgaag ccccgacagc tattccaggt tccagcccaa
     3841 acagaacgga tgaacacgca ggagagtctt gcctgcagtg ctgaatccac atgctggggt
     3901 tgtctggaag tcccagtgcc acaagggaga cagagtggta gaatggtgca gtcctgcttc
     3961 cgttctaaag tggggttcac acaggcagtt aagactgagt ctcctgggga aactggaaag
     4021 gcttagttaa gtaggctcct tggcaaagag cctgtaatac cccaatcatg gaaggccaca
     4081 tgttgccaaa accagtacct gcacacctag caagcatgtg ccccagggtt gacccctagc
     4141 accaaaaaga actgtgggga gccctgctgt gttgatggga cttgggccca cctcactgtt
     4201 ggccaagtgt gttcctgaca gggtcacaga tcatggatgg agacagggac aacttgccag
     4261 catgaccaga cacagtcata gaagcagaag gtggggacac tgtaacacat gagccctgcc
     4321 tcatttccat acattcaaat agattcttct cacccaccat actacatccc tcaggcccca
     4381 agatttttca tatttccact tataaactac cacaatatca aacctaatgc aaagatttta
     4441 atcttcaaat ttggaggggg gcggggaaaa catgacctac ctcctaggcc caagctggtg
     4501 acctgcgaag cccctgctgg ctgggctgtt gtatattcaa ccacactctt cacccttgtt
     4561 ctgaaatcag aagccagaga ccgagcctct ccctaggtct ccactgccct ctgggaaagc
     4621 acagctggag tgggttttgt gagaggtgcc catgatttgg tggtgtttgt acaagtaaac
     4681 caacactcca tcctccccaa gtaaaggcag agctgataaa gatcgtagat agtaaaaagc
     4741 acacagcaca aaatagagcc gatctggctt aagagctgga ccactgtgaa gtgggtagtg
     4801 caccccagct atgctctctt caagtggcta gggctacacc ctcaaccttc tagaactatg
     4861 gagcacaagt ccacatacct cacagaccat cccaaatgag gttcttgctg acggtgagca
     4921 gatcatagtg acttccacct tttaatgtca ttaaaagcag gagcttaaac taaaagcagc
     4981 attccaaaga cctcaatatc aggggggggt ggggcagggt aggaaaacca aaaagcagaa
     5041 ctatttagtc ttaaaacttc cttaaagggg aggaaaaaac catgctctac aacttcaaat
     5101 ttttcttaca aagagaaatt taatattaaa tgagaggttg aaccaggctt aaagcagaca
     5161 taccgggaag gacagcctga aacgccaggc agcgttgaca gctgactttg ggaacgatca
     5221 cccattccag aacacacgtg agtgtgatct gctgatgtta cgtcgcacag tcagacagac
     5281 agacagacac ccagcacgac agagtccaag gtaaatgctg atggtagttt agccctttag
     5341 gagaacagca ctctgcagct ggtgtgaagt tactatcggt ctcggagacc aagggcggaa
     5401 aaagccgccc gaagctcccc cagtagagcc agctgtgtga ggagagctcc ccatatgatg
     5461 acattataca gagtttattc tgaagaacgt tttgcatttt aataaaaaaa aaaaggcttt
     5521 atgtcaggaa atagtcattt acaaaccttg aagtgttttt gcctgcatct ggagtaagaa
     5581 tgtcttccga agaggtttgc gaggtcttta taataaaatt tattt
//
