LOCUS       NM_001136240            5652 bp    mRNA    linear   ROD 30-JUL-2024
DEFINITION  Mus musculus choline dehydrogenase (Chdh), transcript variant 1,
            mRNA; nuclear gene for mitochondrial product.
ACCESSION   NM_001136240
VERSION     NM_001136240.1
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; RefSeq Select.
SOURCE      Mus musculus (house mouse)
  ORGANISM  Mus musculus
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha;
            Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Adams,D.J., Barlas,B., McIntyre,R.E., Salguero,I., van der
            Weyden,L., Barros,A., Vicente,J.R., Karimpour,N., Haider,A.,
            Ranzani,M., Turner,G., Thompson,N.A., Harle,V., Olvera-Leon,R.,
            Robles-Espinoza,C.D., Speak,A.O., Geisler,N., Weninger,W.J.,
            Geyer,S.H., Hewinson,J., Karp,N.A., Fu,B., Yang,F., Kozik,Z.,
            Choudhary,J., Yu,L., van Ruiten,M.S., Rowland,B.D., Lelliott,C.J.,
            Del Castillo Velasco-Herrera,M., Verstraten,R., Bruckner,L.,
            Henssen,A.G., Rooimans,M.A., de Lange,J., Mohun,T.J., Arends,M.J.,
            Kentistou,K.A., Coelho,P.A., Zhao,Y., Zecchini,H., Perry,J.R.B.,
            Jackson,S.P. and Balmus,G.
  CONSRTM   Sanger Mouse Genetics Project
  TITLE     Genetic determinants of micronucleus formation in vivo
  JOURNAL   Nature 627 (8002), 130-136 (2024)
   PUBMED   38355793
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Imbard,A., Schwendimann,L., Lebon,S., Gressens,P., Blom,H.J. and
            Benoist,J.F.
  TITLE     Liver and brain differential expression of one-carbon metabolism
            genes during ontogenesis
  JOURNAL   Sci Rep 11 (1), 21132 (2021)
   PUBMED   34702858
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Ohnishi,T., Balan,S., Toyoshima,M., Maekawa,M., Ohba,H.,
            Watanabe,A., Iwayama,Y., Fujita,Y., Tan,Y., Hisano,Y.,
            Shimamoto-Mitsuyama,C., Nozaki,Y., Esaki,K., Nagaoka,A.,
            Matsumoto,J., Hino,M., Mataga,N., Hayashi-Takagi,A., Hashimoto,K.,
            Kunii,Y., Kakita,A., Yabe,H. and Yoshikawa,T.
  TITLE     Investigation of betaine as a novel psychotherapeutic for
            schizophrenia
  JOURNAL   EBioMedicine 45, 432-446 (2019)
   PUBMED   31255657
  REMARK    GeneRIF: CHDH variant, rs35518479, was identified as a
            cis-expression quantitative trait locus (QTL) for CHDH expression
            in postmortem brains from schizophrenia, allowing genotype-based
            stratification of schizophrenia patients for betaine efficacy
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   McClatchie,T., Meredith,M., Ouedraogo,M.O., Slow,S., Lever,M.,
            Mann,M.R.W., Zeisel,S.H., Trasler,J.M. and Baltz,J.M.
  TITLE     Betaine is accumulated via transient choline dehydrogenase
            activation during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 292 (33), 13784-13794 (2017)
   PUBMED   28663368
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Data, including data from studies using
            transgenic/knockout mice, suggest that betaine accumulates during
            oocyte meiotic maturation; the mechanism appears to be transient
            activation of Chdh; Chdh is again inactive in the zygote (that is,
            after fertilization).
            Erratum:[J Biol Chem. 2020 Jul 31;295(31):10868. doi:
            10.1074/jbc.AAC120.015069. PMID: 32737146]
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Nishihara,H., Kobayashi,N., Kimura-Yoshida,C., Yan,K., Bormuth,O.,
            Ding,Q., Nakanishi,A., Sasaki,T., Hirakawa,M., Sumiyama,K.,
            Furuta,Y., Tarabykin,V., Matsuo,I. and Okada,N.
  TITLE     Coordinately Co-opted Multiple Transposable Elements Constitute an
            Enhancer for wnt5a Expression in the Mammalian Secondary Palate
  JOURNAL   PLoS Genet 12 (10), e1006380 (2016)
   PUBMED   27741242
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Johnson,A.R., Craciunescu,C.N., Guo,Z., Teng,Y.W., Thresher,R.J.,
            Blusztajn,J.K. and Zeisel,S.H.
  TITLE     Deletion of murine choline dehydrogenase results in diminished
            sperm motility
  JOURNAL   FASEB J 24 (8), 2752-2761 (2010)
   PUBMED   20371614
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Loss of CHDH activity resulted in decreased testicular
            betaine and increased choline and PCho concentrations; impaired
            fertility was due to diminished sperm motility in the Chdh(-/-)
            males
            Erratum:[FASEB J. 2018 May;32(5):2899. doi:
            10.1096/fj.09-153718ERR. PMID: 29698116]
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Kim,S.C., Sprung,R., Chen,Y., Xu,Y., Ball,H., Pei,J., Cheng,T.,
            Kho,Y., Xiao,H., Xiao,L., Grishin,N.V., White,M., Yang,X.J. and
            Zhao,Y.
  TITLE     Substrate and functional diversity of lysine acetylation revealed
            by a proteomics survey
  JOURNAL   Mol Cell 23 (4), 607-618 (2006)
   PUBMED   16916647
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Da Cruz,S., Xenarios,I., Langridge,J., Vilbois,F., Parone,P.A. and
            Martinou,J.C.
  TITLE     Proteomic analysis of the mouse liver mitochondrial inner membrane
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 278 (42), 41566-41571 (2003)
   PUBMED   12865426
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Carninci,P., Waki,K., Shiraki,T., Konno,H., Shibata,K., Itoh,M.,
            Aizawa,K., Arakawa,T., Ishii,Y., Sasaki,D., Bono,H., Kondo,S.,
            Sugahara,Y., Saito,R., Osato,N., Fukuda,S., Sato,K., Watahiki,A.,
            Hirozane-Kishikawa,T., Nakamura,M., Shibata,Y., Yasunishi,A.,
            Kikuchi,N., Yoshiki,A., Kusakabe,M., Gustincich,S., Beisel,K.,
            Pavan,W., Aidinis,V., Nakagawara,A., Held,W.A., Iwata,H., Kono,T.,
            Nakauchi,H., Lyons,P., Wells,C., Hume,D.A., Fagiolini,M.,
            Hensch,T.K., Brinkmeier,M., Camper,S., Hirota,J., Mombaerts,P.,
            Muramatsu,M., Okazaki,Y., Kawai,J. and Hayashizaki,Y.
  TITLE     Targeting a complex transcriptome: the construction of the mouse
            full-length cDNA encyclopedia
  JOURNAL   Genome Res 13 (6B), 1273-1289 (2003)
   PUBMED   12819125
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 5652)
  AUTHORS   Tian,E., Sawyer,J.R., Largaespada,D.A., Jenkins,N.A., Copeland,N.G.
            and Shaughnessy,J.D. Jr.
  TITLE     Evi27 encodes a novel membrane protein with homology to the IL17
            receptor
  JOURNAL   Oncogene 19 (17), 2098-2109 (2000)
   PUBMED   10815801
COMMENT     VALIDATED REFSEQ: This record has undergone validation or
            preliminary review. The reference sequence was derived from
            BY773937.1, AK164042.1, AK030900.1 and AK052715.1.
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest
            transcript. Variants 1, 2 and 3 encode the same protein.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: AK052715.1, AK164042.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMN00849374, SAMN00849375
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: reported by MitoCarta
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on conservation,
                                                  expression, longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-165               BY773937.1         2-166
            166-919             AK164042.1         2-755
            920-3433            AK030900.1         894-3407
            3434-5441           AK052715.1         3415-5422
            5442-5652           AK052715.1         5424-5634
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..5652
                     /organism="Mus musculus"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /strain="C57BL/6"
                     /db_xref="taxon:10090"
                     /chromosome="14"
                     /map="14 18.4 cM"
     gene            1..5652
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="choline dehydrogenase"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:218865"
                     /db_xref="MGI:MGI:1860776"
     exon            1..234
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            235..994
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            995..1146
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1147..1276
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1277..1411
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1412..1554
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1555..1657
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1658..5652
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      3385..3390
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="hexamer: TATAAA"
     regulatory      3410..3415
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="hexamer: AACAAG"
     polyA_site      3411
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     polyA_site      3435
                     /gene="Chdh"
                     /gene_synonym="D630034H06Rik"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 aggcccggga ggactgaagc tccagcaggc gcggggcgtg tcgagccccg cgcacaggtg
       61 tgtgccgcag gccaggtggg gcgaccgcac ccgcgcctgg agccagacgg agcagctcgc
      121 ggcactcccg ggacgccagt taaagagcag cgggcgagga tcagcggcca ctgccttctc
      181 ggctctcctg gctcctgtcc ttcgcgtcct ggcccaggtg cggagttgtc ccgggaaaag
      241 actcttccaa ctcctgtcgg tggatagagg aactgggctg gaagcatgtg gcaggtcctt
      301 agaggctgga ggaaaggatg gcagagccca cgtggagccc tggcatgggc tgtgcagggc
      361 cagccatgcc ccccttgcag ccgcgctgtt gccagtgtgg gcaaggatga gtacaccttt
      421 gtggtggtgg gcgcaggctc tgctggctgt gtgctggcta gtcggctcac cgaggacccg
      481 aatcatcggg tgctgctgct agaggcagga cctaaggact tgttgatggg gagcaagcgg
      541 cttcagtgga agatccacat gccggctgcc cttgtgtcca acctgtgtga tgacaaatac
      601 aactggtact atcacactga gcctcagccc ggcatggaca gtcgcgtgct gtactggcca
      661 cgaggccggg tctggggtgg ctcctcatcc ctcaatgcca tggtctacat ccgaggacac
      721 gccgaggact ataaccgctg gcaccgtgaa ggtgctgagg gttgggacta tgcacactgc
      781 ctgccctact tccgcaaggc gcagagacat gagctgggtg ccaatatgta ccgcggtggg
      841 gatggcccac tgcatgtgtc tcggggcaag accaaccacc cgcttcacca ggccttcctg
      901 caggcagcac gtcaggctgg ctaccccttc actgaagaca tgaatggctt ccaacaggag
      961 ggcttcggct ggatggacat gactgtccac caagggaagc gctggagcac agcctgcgcc
     1021 tacttgcacc cggtgctgag ccgccccaac ctcagggccg aggtccagac acttgtaagc
     1081 agagtgctgt ttgagggcac ccgtgcagta ggtgtggagt acatcaagga cggccagaga
     1141 cacaaggctt acgtcagcag ggaggtgatc ctgagcgggg gagccatcaa ctctccacag
     1201 ctgctcatgc tctctggcgt tggcaatgca gatgacctca ggaaactgga tatccctgtg
     1261 gtgtgccacc tgcctggagt tgggcagaac ctgcaggacc acctggaggt ctacgttcag
     1321 caagcgtgca cacagcccat caccctccac tctgcccaga agcctctgcg gaaggtctgc
     1381 atcggcctgg agtggctctg gagctacaca ggggacggag ccacagccca tcttgagacc
     1441 ggagggttca tccgcagccg acctggggtc cctcatccgg acatccagtt ccacttcctg
     1501 ccatcgcaag tgattgacca tgggcggaaa cccacccagc aggaagctta ccaggtgcac
     1561 gtgggaacca tgagggccac aagtgtgggc tggctgaaac tgagaagtgc caacccccgg
     1621 gaccaccctg tgatccatcc caactacttg tcaacagaaa ccgatgtcga ggacttccgt
     1681 cagtgtgtga ggctgtcacg agaaattttt gcccaggaag ccttggctcc atttcgggga
     1741 aaagagctgc agcccggaag ccacgtccag tcagacaaag agatagatgc ctttgtgcgg
     1801 gcaaaagcag acagtgctta ccacccctcg tgcacctgta agatgggccg gtcctctgac
     1861 cccactgccg tggttgacgc gcaaaccaag gtcatcggcg tagaaaacct cagggtcgtt
     1921 gatgcctcca tcatgcccag cgtggtcagc ggcaacctga acgctcccac ggtaatgatt
     1981 gcagagaaag cagccgacat tattaaggga caccctgcac ttgaggacaa gaatgttcct
     2041 gtctacaagc cccagactct ggacacccag cgttaagaca gacagccatt gcctgaggac
     2101 gacagaggaa ctcaggccaa gccaagagat ccagccagta cagccctgcc ctagatattt
     2161 ctgaaccggt atatagacac tcgggaccca gataccccga ctcttggctc agactttcat
     2221 ggtttctgag gaaatgaggt catggtaggc agtgaggcaa gtcccttttc ccagtgtctc
     2281 tctgatgccc ctccacaaaa agcctagcaa gcaagctggg gccctccccc tggctgcctg
     2341 cgggtagcag gtggggtagc taacatggtt ttcttgtctc cagttcagag ctctgcttcc
     2401 aggaaggact gggatgatcc tttccctggt ctcccacctg aggccattcc tgcaaagtca
     2461 gggtggttga actggactgg gctctccaag gaagcttttg ctgaagccaa gaggcaggta
     2521 gcagctcagc tgggctggtt acctgagctt atgtccccaa ttagagggac aggcagcagc
     2581 tagaggacgc ctcatccccc tctgcacttc tctcctgccc tgatttaaat ctgaagagcg
     2641 aggcacaggg acgagggctc aggtgactgc acaactcaac gcctaccact ctggctctca
     2701 tgaaaccgtc caggtgagag gcttgcagga cgttgttcaa gaaaaggcca ttttggcctc
     2761 actgccaaag gttttattgt ttaaccctta ccacacaaaa gtgcaggagt atagagccag
     2821 tcccacatgc cagtcactac ctcatgccaa ggacatgagc ccacgaggtc ctttcatggt
     2881 ggccccagaa atggcccagg caccagagct acttctgcag acagggctgg ccgtttctta
     2941 ttctctagac gtgagaacag agagcatggc accaaggctg atggagaaca gcaaaggact
     3001 ttggagtgaa agataaacca gctagaattc gagtcttggg tcaggggagc agataccagc
     3061 agcatttaca agagctcttt gatctggaaa ttcctcataa atttggatgt aaccggtaac
     3121 ttaatttttg agccaagctg cctcattcca actgttctta tgagagaatg ggggtcagac
     3181 gcattgtagg ttagttttcc tgaagatgtc caaagccatc atctgtagtc gggaagaaag
     3241 ggatcgctgt atagaaatca catggctgag tgaagaagag agaggaaata gcaggattcc
     3301 agggtcccct agggttgact ggcaggagct gccttctgga cttctgagtc tgagaagacc
     3361 cttcaaaggg ttcaaaaaac aaattataaa ccaacacttt tactttgaaa acaaggttgc
     3421 ccttatttca tcttacctgc tttgcctttt gttttttgtt tttttgtttt gttttttcct
     3481 gttcaaaaag aagatcaagg aaatcctagg tctgccaaga gatcctcaca gggcaggtgt
     3541 tagacggccg tcatccgtag catctttagc agcacaggtg tcacccctgg gagggccatg
     3601 ttctcctctc aggctcagcg gcgtttgaga ataagcgaag atcaacctgg cgtgcccctc
     3661 agttgcagtc gggcctttct ctcacttcgg catagggagg ctggcttcac gtgctgacat
     3721 gatttagcca cataaggaaa cgagtttccc gagacaagaa gtcgatgtta cgtgcccaga
     3781 actcacagat ggcgacatcg ggacagaaca tgaggtttgg agggatcctc gctgaagccc
     3841 cgacagctat tccaggttcc agcccaaaca gaacggatga acacgcagga gagtcttgcc
     3901 tgcagtgctg aatccacatg ctggggttgt ctggaagtcc cagtgccaca agggagacag
     3961 agtggtagaa tggtgcagtc ctgcttccgt tctaaagtgg ggttcacaca ggcagttaag
     4021 actgagtctc ctggggaaac tggaaaggct tagttaagta ggctccttgg caaagagcct
     4081 gtaatacccc aatcatggaa ggccacatgt tgccaaaacc agtacctgca cacctagcaa
     4141 gcatgtgccc cagggttgac ccctagcacc aaaaagaact gtggggagcc ctgctgtgtt
     4201 gatgggactt gggcccacct cactgttggc caagtgtgtt cctgacaggg tcacagatca
     4261 tggatggaga cagggacaac ttgccagcat gaccagacac agtcatagaa gcagaaggtg
     4321 gggacactgt aacacatgag ccctgcctca tttccataca ttcaaataga ttcttctcac
     4381 ccaccatact acatccctca ggccccaaga tttttcatat ttccacttat aaactaccac
     4441 aatatcaaac ctaatgcaaa gattttaatc ttcaaatttg gaggggggcg gggaaaacat
     4501 gacctacctc ctaggcccaa gctggtgacc tgcgaagccc ctgctggctg ggctgttgta
     4561 tattcaacca cactcttcac ccttgttctg aaatcagaag ccagagaccg agcctctccc
     4621 taggtctcca ctgccctctg ggaaagcaca gctggagtgg gttttgtgag aggtgcccat
     4681 gatttggtgg tgtttgtaca agtaaaccaa cactccatcc tccccaagta aaggcagagc
     4741 tgataaagat cgtagatagt aaaaagcaca cagcacaaaa tagagccgat ctggcttaag
     4801 agctggacca ctgtgaagtg ggtagtgcac cccagctatg ctctcttcaa gtggctaggg
     4861 ctacaccctc aaccttctag aactatggag cacaagtcca catacctcac agaccatccc
     4921 aaatgaggtt cttgctgacg gtgagcagat catagtgact tccacctttt aatgtcatta
     4981 aaagcaggag cttaaactaa aagcagcatt ccaaagacct caatatcagg ggggggtggg
     5041 gcagggtagg aaaaccaaaa agcagaacta tttagtctta aaacttcctt aaaggggagg
     5101 aaaaaaccat gctctacaac ttcaaatttt tcttacaaag agaaatttaa tattaaatga
     5161 gaggttgaac caggcttaaa gcagacatac cgggaaggac agcctgaaac gccaggcagc
     5221 gttgacagct gactttggga acgatcaccc attccagaac acacgtgagt gtgatctgct
     5281 gatgttacgt cgcacagtca gacagacaga cagacaccca gcacgacaga gtccaaggta
     5341 aatgctgatg gtagtttagc cctttaggag aacagcactc tgcagctggt gtgaagttac
     5401 tatcggtctc ggagaccaag ggcggaaaaa gccgcccgaa gctcccccag tagagccagc
     5461 tgtgtgagga gagctcccca tatgatgaca ttatacagag tttattctga agaacgtttt
     5521 gcattttaat aaaaaaaaaa aggctttatg tcaggaaata gtcatttaca aaccttgaag
     5581 tgtttttgcc tgcatctgga gtaagaatgt cttccgaaga ggtttgcgag gtctttataa
     5641 taaaatttat tt
//
