LOCUS       NM_004184               2639 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 09-FEB-2025
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (WARS1), transcript
            variant 1, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_004184
VERSION     NM_004184.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Lazar,I., Livneh,I., Ciechanover,A. and Fabre,B.
  TITLE     Tryptophanyl-Transfer RNA Synthetase Is Involved in a Negative
            Feedback Loop Mitigating Interferon-gamma-Induced Gene Expression
  JOURNAL   Cells 13 (2), 180 (2024)
   PUBMED   38247871
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Tryptophanyl-Transfer RNA Synthetase Is Involved in a
            Negative Feedback Loop Mitigating Interferon-gamma-Induced Gene
            Expression.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Kim,Y.T., Huh,J.W., Choi,Y.H., Yoon,H.K., Nguyen,T.T., Chun,E.,
            Jeong,G., Park,S., Ahn,S., Lee,W.K., Noh,Y.W., Lee,K.S., Ahn,H.S.,
            Lee,C., Lee,S.M., Kim,K.S., Suh,G.J., Jeon,K., Kim,S. and Jin,M.
  TITLE     Highly secreted tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 1 as a potential
            theranostic target for hypercytokinemic severe sepsis
  JOURNAL   EMBO Mol Med 16 (1), 40-63 (2024)
   PUBMED   38177528
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Highly secreted tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 1 as a
            potential theranostic target for hypercytokinemic severe sepsis.
            Erratum:[EMBO Mol Med. 2024 Mar;16(3):665. doi:
            10.1038/s44321-024-00030-4.. PMID: 38316935]
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Yokosawa,T. and Wakasugi,K.
  TITLE     Tryptophan-Starved Human Cells Overexpressing Tryptophanyl-tRNA
            Synthetase Enhance High-Affinity Tryptophan Uptake via Enzymatic
            Production of Tryptophanyl-AMP
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 24 (20), 15453 (2023)
   PUBMED   37895133
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Tryptophan-Starved Human Cells Overexpressing
            Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase Enhance High-Affinity Tryptophan
            Uptake via Enzymatic Production of Tryptophanyl-AMP.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Najimi,N., Zahednasab,H., Farahmand,M., Fouladvand,A., Talei,G.R.,
            Bouzari,B., Khanizadeh,S. and Karampoor,S.
  TITLE     Exploring the role of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and associations
            with inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in COVID-19
            patients: A case-control study
  JOURNAL   Microb Pathog 183, 106300 (2023)
   PUBMED   37567323
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Exploring the role of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and
            associations with inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in
            COVID-19 patients: A case-control study.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Lin,S.J., Vona,B., Porter,H.M., Izadi,M., Huang,K., Lacassie,Y.,
            Rosenfeld,J.A., Khan,S., Petree,C., Ali,T.A., Muhammad,N.,
            Khan,S.A., Muhammad,N., Liu,P., Haymon,M.L., Ruschendorf,F.,
            Kong,I.K., Schnapp,L., Shur,N., Chorich,L., Layman,L., Haaf,T.,
            Pourkarimi,E., Kim,H.G. and Varshney,G.K.
  TITLE     Biallelic variants in WARS1 cause a highly variable
            neurodevelopmental syndrome and implicate a critical exon for
            normal auditory function
  JOURNAL   Hum Mutat 43 (10), 1472-1489 (2022)
   PUBMED   35815345
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Biallelic variants in WARS1 cause a highly variable
            neurodevelopmental syndrome and implicate a critical exon for
            normal auditory function.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Rasmussen,H.H., van Damme,J., Puype,M., Gesser,B., Celis,J.E. and
            Vandekerckhove,J.
  TITLE     Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel
            protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes
  JOURNAL   Electrophoresis 13 (12), 960-969 (1992)
   PUBMED   1286667
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Bange,F.C., Flohr,T., Buwitt,U. and Bottger,E.C.
  TITLE     An interferon-induced protein with release factor activity is a
            tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase
  JOURNAL   FEBS Lett 300 (2), 162-166 (1992)
   PUBMED   1373391
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Buwitt,U., Flohr,T. and Bottger,E.C.
  TITLE     Molecular cloning and characterization of an interferon induced
            human cDNA with sequence homology to a mammalian peptide chain
            release factor
  JOURNAL   EMBO J 11 (2), 489-496 (1992)
   PUBMED   1537332
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Rubin,B.Y., Anderson,S.L., Xing,L., Powell,R.J. and Tate,W.P.
  TITLE     Interferon induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase expression in human
            fibroblasts
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 266 (36), 24245-24248 (1991)
   PUBMED   1761529
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 2639)
  AUTHORS   Fleckner,J., Rasmussen,H.H. and Justesen,J.
  TITLE     Human interferon gamma potently induces the synthesis of a 55-kDa
            protein (gamma 2) highly homologous to rabbit peptide chain release
            factor and bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 (24), 11520-11524 (1991)
   PUBMED   1763065
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AV710027.1 and BC017489.1.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_004184.3.
            
            Summary: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of
            tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in
            linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs,
            aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first
            proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA
            synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a
            mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase
            (WARS) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan
            and is induced by interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs
            to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants
            encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.
            [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest
            transcript. Variants 1 and 2 both encode isoform a.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BC017489.1, GQ891525.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA2162568 [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000392882.7/ ENSP00000376620.2
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression,
                                      longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-65                AV710027.1         262-326
            66-2639             BC017489.1         185-2758
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..2639
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="14"
                     /map="14q32.2"
     gene            1..2639
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /note="tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:7453"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:12729"
                     /db_xref="MIM:191050"
     exon            1..65
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            66..237
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             139..1554
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /EC_number="6.1.1.2"
                     /note="isoform a is encoded by transcript variant 1;
                     interferon-induced protein 53; tryptophan tRNA ligase 1,
                     cytoplasmic; hWRS; trpRS; tryptophan--tRNA ligase,
                     cytoplasmic; epididymis secretory sperm binding protein"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="tryptophan--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform a"
                     /protein_id="NP_004175.2"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS9960.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:7453"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:12729"
                     /db_xref="MIM:191050"
                     /translation="MPNSEPASLLELFNSIATQGELVRSLKAGNASKDEIDSAVKMLV
                     SLKMSYKAAAGEDYKADCPPGNPAPTSNHGPDATEAEEDFVDPWTVQTSSAKGIDYDK
                     LIVRFGSSKIDKELINRIERATGQRPHHFLRRGIFFSHRDMNQVLDAYENKKPFYLYT
                     GRGPSSEAMHVGHLIPFIFTKWLQDVFNVPLVIQMTDDEKYLWKDLTLDQAYSYAVEN
                     AKDIIACGFDINKTFIFSDLDYMGMSSGFYKNVVKIQKHVTFNQVKGIFGFTDSDCIG
                     KISFPAIQAAPSFSNSFPQIFRDRTDIQCLIPCAIDQDPYFRMTRDVAPRIGYPKPAL
                     LHSTFFPALQGAQTKMSASDPNSSIFLTDTAKQIKTKVNKHAFSGGRDTIEEHRQFGG
                     NCDVDVSFMYLTFFLEDDDKLEQIRKDYTSGAMLTGELKKALIEVLQPLIAEHQARRK
                     EVTDEIVKEFMTPRKLSFDFQ"
     exon            238..451
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            452..560
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            561..680
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            681..863
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            864..964
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            965..1077
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1078..1251
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1252..1392
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1393..2639
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1930..1935
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /note="hexamer: AATATA"
     polyA_site      1952
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
     regulatory      2619..2624
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      2639
                     /gene="WARS1"
                     /gene_synonym="GAMMA-2; HMN9; HMND9; IFI53; IFP53;
                     NEDMSBA; WARS"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 actctcagca gctcaactgc ccagcgtgac cagtggccac ctctgcagtg tcttccacaa
       61 cctggtcttg actcgtctgc tgaacaaatc ctctgacctc aggccggctg tgaacgtagt
      121 tcctgagaga tagcaaacat gcccaacagt gagcccgcat ctctgctgga gctgttcaac
      181 agcatcgcca cacaagggga gctcgtaagg tccctcaaag cgggaaatgc gtcaaaggat
      241 gaaattgatt ctgcagtaaa gatgttggtg tcattaaaaa tgagctacaa agctgccgcg
      301 ggggaggatt acaaggctga ctgtcctcca gggaacccag cacctaccag taatcatggc
      361 ccagatgcca cagaagctga agaggatttt gtggacccat ggacagtaca gacaagcagt
      421 gcaaaaggca tagactacga taagctcatt gttcggtttg gaagtagtaa aattgacaaa
      481 gagctaataa accgaataga gagagccacc ggccaaagac cacaccactt cctgcgcaga
      541 ggcatcttct tctcacacag agatatgaat caggttcttg atgcctatga aaataagaag
      601 ccattttatc tgtacacggg ccggggcccc tcttctgaag caatgcatgt aggtcacctc
      661 attccattta ttttcacaaa gtggctccag gatgtattta acgtgccctt ggtcatccag
      721 atgacggatg acgagaagta tctgtggaag gacctgaccc tggaccaggc ctatagctat
      781 gctgtggaga atgccaagga catcatcgcc tgtggctttg acatcaacaa gactttcata
      841 ttctctgacc tggactacat ggggatgagc tcaggtttct acaaaaatgt ggtgaagatt
      901 caaaagcatg ttaccttcaa ccaagtgaaa ggcattttcg gcttcactga cagcgactgc
      961 attgggaaga tcagttttcc tgccatccag gctgctccct ccttcagcaa ctcattccca
     1021 cagatcttcc gagacaggac ggatatccag tgccttatcc catgtgccat tgaccaggat
     1081 ccttacttta gaatgacaag ggacgtcgcc cccaggatcg gctatcctaa accagccctg
     1141 ctgcactcca ccttcttccc agccctgcag ggcgcccaga ccaaaatgag tgccagcgac
     1201 cccaactcct ccatcttcct caccgacacg gccaagcaga tcaaaaccaa ggtcaataag
     1261 catgcgtttt ctggagggag agacaccatc gaggagcaca ggcagtttgg gggcaactgt
     1321 gatgtggacg tgtctttcat gtacctgacc ttcttcctcg aggacgacga caagctcgag
     1381 cagatcagga aggattacac cagcggagcc atgctcaccg gtgagctcaa gaaggcactc
     1441 atagaggttc tgcagccctt gatcgcagag caccaggccc ggcgcaagga ggtcacggat
     1501 gagatagtga aagagttcat gactccccgg aagctgtcct tcgactttca gtagcactcg
     1561 ttttacatat gcttataaaa gaagtgatgt atcagtaatg tatcaataat cccagcccag
     1621 tcaaagcacc gccacctgta ggcttctgtc tcatggtaat tactgggcct ggcctctgta
     1681 agcctgtgta tgttatcaat actgtttctt cctgtgagtt ccattatttc tatctcttat
     1741 gggcaaagca ttgtgggtaa ttggtgctgg ctaacattgc atggtcggat agagaagtcc
     1801 agctgtgagt ctctccccaa agcagcccca cagtggagcc tttggctgga agtccatggg
     1861 ccaccctgtt cttgtccatg gaggactccg agggttccaa gtatactctt aagacccact
     1921 ctgtttaaaa atatatattc tatgtatgcg tatatggaat tgaaatgtca ttattgtaac
     1981 ctagaaagtg ctttgaaata ttgatgtggg gaggtttatt gagcacaaga tgtatttcag
     2041 cccatgcccc ctcccaaaaa gaaattgata agtaaaagct tcgttataca tttgactaag
     2101 aaatcaccca gctttaaagc tgcttttaac aatgaagatt gaacagagtt cagcaatttt
     2161 gattaaatta agacttgggg gtgaaacttt ccagtttact gaactccaga ccatgcatgt
     2221 agtccactcc agaaatcatg ctcgcttccc ttggcacacc agtgttctcc tgccaaatga
     2281 ccctagaccc tctgtcctgc agagtcaggg tggcttttcc cctgactgtg tccgatgcca
     2341 aggagtcctg gcctccgcag atgcttcatt ttgacccttg gctgcagtgg aagtcagcac
     2401 agagcagtgc cctggctgtg tccctggacg ggtggactta gctagggaga aagtcgaggc
     2461 agcagccctc gaggccctca cagatgtcta ggcaggcctc atttcatcac gcagcatgtg
     2521 caggcctgga agagcaaagc caaatctcag ggaagtcctt ggttgatgta tctgggtctc
     2581 ctctggagca ctctgccctc ctgtcaccca gtagagtaaa taaacttcct tggctcctg
//
