LOCUS       NM_175839               2164 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 11-FEB-2025
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens spermine oxidase (SMOX), transcript variant 1, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_175839
VERSION     NM_175839.3
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Gobert,A.P., Latour,Y.L., Asim,M., Barry,D.P., Allaman,M.M.,
            Finley,J.L., Smith,T.M., McNamara,K.M., Singh,K., Sierra,J.C.,
            Delgado,A.G., Luis,P.B., Schneider,C., Washington,M.K.,
            Piazuelo,M.B., Zhao,S., Coburn,L.A. and Wilson,K.T.
  TITLE     Protective Role of Spermidine in Colitis and Colon Carcinogenesis
  JOURNAL   Gastroenterology 162 (3), 813-827 (2022)
   PUBMED   34767785
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Protective Role of Spermidine in Colitis and Colon
            Carcinogenesis.
            Erratum:[Gastroenterology. 2022 Jun;162(7):2138-2143. doi:
            10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.006.. PMID: 35461802]
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Fadista,J., Yakimov,V., Vosa,U., Hansen,C.S., Kasela,S., Skotte,L.,
            Geller,F., Courraud,J., Esko,T., Kukuskina,V., Buil,A., Melbye,M.,
            Werge,T.M., Hougaard,D.M., Milani,L., Bybjerg-Grauholm,J.,
            Cohen,A.S. and Feenstra,B.
  TITLE     Genetic regulation of spermine oxidase activity and cancer risk: a
            Mendelian randomization study
  JOURNAL   Sci Rep 11 (1), 17463 (2021)
   PUBMED   34465810
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Genetic regulation of spermine oxidase activity and cancer
            risk: a Mendelian randomization study.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Leonetti,A., Cervoni,L., Polticelli,F., Kanamori,Y.,
            Yurtsever,Z.N., Agostinelli,E., Mariottini,P., Stano,P. and
            Cervelli,M.
  TITLE     Spectroscopic and calorimetric characterization of spermine oxidase
            and its association forms
  JOURNAL   Biochem J 474 (24), 4253-4268 (2017)
   PUBMED   29138259
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Data suggest that intermolecular disulfide bond links
            spermine oxidase (SMOX) molecules to form the homodimer and plays a
            critical role in the stabilization of the overall three-dimensional
            SMOX structure.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Uemura,T., Takasaka,T., Igarashi,K. and Ikegaya,H.
  TITLE     Spermine oxidase promotes bile canalicular lumen formation through
            acrolein production
  JOURNAL   Sci Rep 7 (1), 14841 (2017)
   PUBMED   29093526
  REMARK    GeneRIF: SMOX plays a central role in the formation of bile
            canalicular lumen in liver cells by activating Akt pathway through
            acrolein production.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Murray-Stewart,T., Sierra,J.C., Piazuelo,M.B., Mera,R.M.,
            Chaturvedi,R., Bravo,L.E., Correa,P., Schneider,B.G., Wilson,K.T.
            and Casero,R.A.
  TITLE     Epigenetic silencing of miR-124 prevents spermine oxidase
            regulation: implications for Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric
            cancer
  JOURNAL   Oncogene 35 (42), 5480-5488 (2016)
   PUBMED   27041578
  REMARK    GeneRIF: These results indicate a protective role for miR-124
            through the inhibition of SMOX-mediated DNA damage in the etiology
            of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Murray-Stewart,T., Wang,Y., Devereux,W. and Casero,R.A. Jr.
  TITLE     Cloning and characterization of multiple human polyamine oxidase
            splice variants that code for isoenzymes with different biochemical
            characteristics
  JOURNAL   Biochem J 368 (Pt 3), 673-677 (2002)
   PUBMED   12398765
  REMARK    GeneRIF: There are at least four isoenzymes of human PAO, each with
            different biochemical characteristics and roles in polyamine
            catabolism
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Vujcic,S., Diegelman,P., Bacchi,C.J., Kramer,D.L. and Porter,C.W.
  TITLE     Identification and characterization of a novel flavin-containing
            spermine oxidase of mammalian cell origin
  JOURNAL   Biochem J 367 (Pt 3), 665-675 (2002)
   PUBMED   12141946
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Wang,Y., Devereux,W., Woster,P.M., Stewart,T.M., Hacker,A. and
            Casero,R.A. Jr.
  TITLE     Cloning and characterization of a human polyamine oxidase that is
            inducible by polyamine analogue exposure
  JOURNAL   Cancer Res 61 (14), 5370-5373 (2001)
   PUBMED   11454677
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Tsukada,T., Furusako,S., Maekawa,S., Hibasami,H. and Nakashima,K.
  TITLE     Purification by affinity chromatography and characterization of
            porcine liver cytoplasmic polyamine oxidase
  JOURNAL   Int J Biochem 20 (7), 695-702 (1988)
   PUBMED   3181599
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 2164)
  AUTHORS   Holtta,E.
  TITLE     Oxidation of spermidine and spermine in rat liver: purification and
            properties of polyamine oxidase
  JOURNAL   Biochemistry 16 (1), 91-100 (1977)
   PUBMED   12798
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from BG679874.1, EF032141.1,
            AY358104.1 and AW136764.1.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_175839.2.
            
            Summary: Polyamines are ubiquitous polycationic alkylamines which
            include spermine, spermidine, putrescine, and agmatine. These
            molecules participate in a broad range of cellular functions which
            include cell cycle modulation, scavenging reactive oxygen species,
            and the control of gene expression. These molecules also play
            important roles in neurotransmission through their regulation of
            cell-surface receptor activity, involvement in intracellular
            signalling pathways, and their putative roles as neurotransmitters.
            This gene encodes an FAD-containing enzyme that catalyzes the
            oxidation of spermine to spermadine and secondarily produces
            hydrogen peroxide. Multiple transcript variants encoding different
            isoenzymes have been identified for this gene, some of which have
            failed to demonstrate significant oxidase activity on natural
            polyamine substrates. The characterized isoenzymes have distinctive
            biochemical characteristics and substrate specificities, suggesting
            the existence of additional levels of complexity in polyamine
            catabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the most abundant
            transcript and encodes isoform (1), also known as PAOh1.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: SRR3476690.684032.1,
                                           SRR3476690.325510.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1965299, SAMEA1966682
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000305958.9/ ENSP00000307252.4
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-107               BG679874.1         50-156
            108-1133            EF032141.1         1-1026
            1134-1468           AY358104.1         983-1317
            1469-1706           EF032141.1         1362-1599
            1707-2001           EF032141.1         1690-1984
            2002-2164           AW136764.1         37-199              c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..2164
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="20"
                     /map="20p13"
     gene            1..2164
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /note="spermine oxidase"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:54498"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:15862"
                     /db_xref="MIM:615854"
     exon            1..150
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            151..384
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             177..1844
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /EC_number="1.5.3.16"
                     /note="isoform 1 is encoded by transcript variant 1;
                     flavin-containing spermine oxidase; putative cyclin G1
                     interacting protein; flavin containing amine oxidase;
                     polyamine oxidase 1"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="spermine oxidase isoform 1"
                     /protein_id="NP_787033.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS13075.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:54498"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:15862"
                     /db_xref="MIM:615854"
                     /translation="MQSCESSGDSADDPLSRGLRRRGQPRVVVIGAGLAGLAAAKALL
                     EQGFTDVTVLEASSHIGGRVQSVKLGHATFELGATWIHGSHGNPIYHLAEANGLLEET
                     TDGERSVGRISLYSKNGVACYLTNHGRRIPKDVVEEFSDLYNEVYNLTQEFFRHDKPV
                     NAESQNSVGVFTREEVRNRIRNDPDDPEATKRLKLAMIQQYLKVESCESSSHSMDEVS
                     LSAFGEWTEIPGAHHIIPSGFMRVVELLAEGIPAHVIQLGKPVRCIHWDQASARPRGP
                     EIEPRGEGDHNHDTGEGGQGGEEPRGGRWDEDEQWSVVVECEDCELIPADHVIVTVSL
                     GVLKRQYTSFFRPGLPTEKVAAIHRLGIGTTDKIFLEFEEPFWGPECNSLQFVWEDEA
                     ESHTLTYPPELWYRKICGFDVLYPPERYGHVLSGWICGEEALVMEKCDDEAVAEICTE
                     MLRQFTGNPNIPKPRRILRSAWGSNPYFRGSYSYTQVGSSGADVEKLAKPLPYTESSK
                     TAPMQVLFSGEATHRKYYSTTHGALLSGQREAARLIEMYRDLFQQGT"
     exon            385..611
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            612..785
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            786..1545
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1546..1706
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1707..2164
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      2135..2140
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      2164
                     /gene="SMOX"
                     /gene_synonym="C20orf16; PAO; PAO-1; PAO1; PAOH; PAOH1;
                     SMO"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 acacaggccg cggcggctgg ctcgggcccc tacggtcccg gcggcggctg gaggaggaag
       61 ccaggcggct ggcggaggag gagagacgga ggaggccgag accggagcgc cgctcgccgc
      121 agacttactt ccccggctca gcagggaaag gttcctagaa ggtgagcgcg gacggtatgc
      181 aaagttgtga atccagtggt gacagtgcgg atgaccctct cagtcgcggc ctacggagaa
      241 ggggacagcc tcgtgtggtg gtgatcggcg ccggcttggc tggcctggct gcagccaaag
      301 cacttcttga gcagggtttc acggatgtca ctgtgcttga ggcttccagc cacatcggag
      361 gccgtgtgca gagtgtgaaa cttggacacg ccacctttga gctgggagcc acctggatcc
      421 atggctccca tgggaaccct atctatcatc tagcagaagc caacggcctc ctggaagaga
      481 caaccgatgg ggaacgcagc gtgggccgca tcagcctcta ttccaagaat ggcgtggcct
      541 gctaccttac caaccacggc cgcaggatcc ccaaggacgt ggttgaggaa ttcagcgatt
      601 tatacaacga ggtctataac ttgacccagg agttcttccg gcacgataaa ccagtcaatg
      661 ctgaaagtca aaatagcgtg ggggtgttca cccgagagga ggtgcgtaac cgcatcagga
      721 atgaccctga cgacccagag gctaccaagc gcctgaagct cgccatgatc cagcagtacc
      781 tgaaggtgga gagctgtgag agcagctcac acagcatgga cgaggtgtcc ctgagcgcct
      841 tcggggagtg gaccgagatc cccggcgctc accacatcat cccctcgggc ttcatgcggg
      901 ttgtggagct gctggcggag ggcatccctg cccacgtcat ccagctaggg aaacctgtcc
      961 gctgcattca ctgggaccag gcctcagccc gccccagagg ccctgagatt gagccccggg
     1021 gtgagggcga ccacaatcac gacactgggg agggtggcca gggtggagag gagccccggg
     1081 ggggcaggtg ggatgaggat gagcagtggt cggtggtggt ggagtgcgag gactgtgagc
     1141 tgatcccggc ggaccatgtg attgtgaccg tgtcgctagg tgtgctaaag aggcagtaca
     1201 ccagtttctt ccggccaggc ctgcccacag agaaggtggc tgccatccac cgcctgggca
     1261 ttggcaccac cgacaagatc tttctggaat tcgaggagcc cttctggggc cctgagtgca
     1321 acagcctaca gtttgtgtgg gaggacgaag cagagagcca caccctcacc tacccacctg
     1381 agctctggta ccgcaagatc tgcggctttg atgtcctcta cccgcctgag cgctacggcc
     1441 atgtgctgag cggctggatc tgcggggagg aggccctcgt catggagaag tgtgatgacg
     1501 aggcagtggc cgagatctgc acggagatgc tgcgtcagtt cacagggaac cccaacattc
     1561 caaaacctcg gcgaatcttg cgctcggcct ggggcagcaa cccttacttc cgcggctcct
     1621 attcatacac gcaggtgggc tccagcgggg cggatgtgga gaagctggcc aagcccctgc
     1681 cgtacacaga gagctcaaag acagcgccca tgcaggtgct gttttccggt gaggccaccc
     1741 accgcaagta ctattccacc acccacggtg ctctgctgtc cggccagcgt gaggctgccc
     1801 gcctcattga gatgtaccga gacctcttcc agcaggggac ctgagggctg tcctcgctgc
     1861 tgagaagagc cactaactcg tgacctccag cctgcccctt gctgccgtgt gctcctgcct
     1921 tcctgatcct ctgtagaaag gatttttatc ttctgtagag ctagccgccc tgactgcctt
     1981 cagacctggc cctgtagctt ttctttttct ccaggctggg ccgtgagcag gtgggccgtt
     2041 gagttacctc tgtgctggat cccgtgcccc cacttgccta ccctctgtcc tgccttgtta
     2101 ttgtaagtgc cttcaatact ttgcattttg ggataataaa aaaggctccc tcccctgccc
     2161 ctca
//
