LOCUS       NM_001034               3258 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 17-JUN-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2),
            transcript variant 2, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_001034
VERSION     NM_001034.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Moon,S.U., Lee,J.H., Shah,M., Yoon,S. and Woo,H.G.
  TITLE     RRM2 Is a CTNNB1 Transport Regulator Promoting Colon Cancer
            Progression
  JOURNAL   Anticancer Res 44 (6), 2471-2485 (2024)
   PUBMED   38821625
  REMARK    GeneRIF: RRM2 Is a CTNNB1 Transport Regulator Promoting Colon
            Cancer Progression.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Ban,Z., Li,Z., Xing,S. and Ye,Y.
  TITLE     IGF2BP3 regulates the expression of RRM2 and promotes the
            progression of rheumatoid arthritis via RRM2/Akt/MMP-9 pathway
  JOURNAL   PLoS One 19 (5), e0303593 (2024)
   PUBMED   38820515
  REMARK    GeneRIF: IGF2BP3 regulates the expression of RRM2 and promotes the
            progression of rheumatoid arthritis via RRM2/Akt/MMP-9 pathway.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Wang,Y., Chen,R., Zhang,J. and Zeng,P.
  TITLE     A comprehensive analysis of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 for
            carcinogenesis in pan-cancer
  JOURNAL   PLoS One 19 (4), e0299949 (2024)
   PUBMED   38635758
  REMARK    GeneRIF: A comprehensive analysis of ribonucleotide reductase
            subunit M2 for carcinogenesis in pan-cancer.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Giang,L.H., Wu,K.S., Lee,W.C., Chu,S.S., Do,A.D., Changou,C.A.,
            Tran,H.M., Hsieh,T.H., Chen,H.H., Hsieh,C.L., Sung,S.Y., Yu,A.L.,
            Yen,Y., Wong,T.T. and Chang,C.C.
  TITLE     Targeting of RRM2 suppresses DNA damage response and activates
            apoptosis in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
  JOURNAL   J Exp Clin Cancer Res 42 (1), 346 (2023)
   PUBMED   38124207
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Targeting of RRM2 suppresses DNA damage response and
            activates apoptosis in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Guittet,O., Hakansson,P., Voevodskaya,N., Fridd,S., Graslund,A.,
            Arakawa,H., Nakamura,Y. and Thelander,L.
  TITLE     Mammalian p53R2 protein forms an active ribonucleotide reductase in
            vitro with the R1 protein, which is expressed both in resting cells
            in response to DNA damage and in proliferating cells
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 276 (44), 40647-40651 (2001)
   PUBMED   11517226
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Zhou,B. and Yen,Y.
  TITLE     Characterization of the human ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit
            gene; genomic structure and promoter analyses
  JOURNAL   Cytogenet Cell Genet 95 (1-2), 52-59 (2001)
   PUBMED   11978970
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Characterization of the human ribonucleotide reductase M2
            subunit gene; genomic structure and promoter analyses
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Zhou,B., Mo,X., Liu,X., Qiu,W. and Yen,Y.
  TITLE     Human ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit gene amplification and
            transcriptional regulation in a homogeneous staining chromosome
            region responsible for the mechanism of drug resistance
  JOURNAL   Cytogenet Cell Genet 95 (1-2), 34-42 (2001)
   PUBMED   11978967
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Human ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit gene
            amplification and transcriptional regulation in a homogeneous
            staining chromosome region responsible for the mechanism of drug
            resistance
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Park,J.B. and Levine,M.
  TITLE     Characterization of the promoter of the human ribonucleotide
            reductase R2 gene
  JOURNAL   Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267 (2), 651-657 (2000)
   PUBMED   10631117
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Pavloff,N., Rivard,D., Masson,S., Shen,S.H. and Mes-Masson,A.M.
  TITLE     Sequence analysis of the large and small subunits of human
            ribonucleotide reductase
  JOURNAL   DNA Seq 2 (4), 227-234 (1992)
   PUBMED   1627826
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 3258)
  AUTHORS   Yang-Feng,T.L., Barton,D.E., Thelander,L., Lewis,W.H.,
            Srinivasan,P.R. and Francke,U.
  TITLE     Ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit sequences mapped to four
            different chromosomal sites in humans and mice: functional locus
            identified by its amplification in hydroxyurea-resistant cell lines
  JOURNAL   Genomics 1 (1), 77-86 (1987)
   PUBMED   3311968
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AC104794.4, X59618.1,
            AC118058.3 and BM994533.1.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_001034.3.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes one of two non-identical subunits for
            ribonucleotide reductase. This reductase catalyzes the formation of
            deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. Synthesis of the encoded
            protein (M2) is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent fashion.
            Transcription from this gene can initiate from alternative
            promoters, which results in two isoforms that differ in the lengths
            of their N-termini. Related pseudogenes have been identified on
            chromosomes 1 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternative downstream
            promoter, and it thus has a shorter 5' UTR and uses a downstream
            translational start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded
            isoform (2) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform 1.
            
            CCDS Note: This CCDS represents the transcript derived from the
            downstream promoter of this gene. Studies in both PMIDs 10631117
            and 11978970 support the presence of the downstream promoter, as do
            the 5' extents of several human and homologous transcripts.
            PMID:11978970 also provides evidence for an upstream promoter; the
            transcript derived from the upstream promoter would encode a
            protein that is 60 aa longer at the N-terminus.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: AK313719.1, X59618.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1965299, SAMEA1966682
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000304567.10/ ENSP00000302955.4
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on manual assertion, conservation,
                                      expression
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-159               AC104794.4         104689-104847
            160-234             AC104794.4         104933-105007
            235-378             AC104794.4         105337-105480
            379-495             AC104794.4         105686-105802
            496-629             AC104794.4         106667-106800
            630-724             AC104794.4         108825-108919
            725-858             AC104794.4         109037-109170
            859-963             AC104794.4         110798-110902
            964-1077            AC104794.4         110991-111104
            1078-1793           AC104794.4         111184-111899
            1794-2340           X59618.1           1930-2476
            2341-3216           AC118058.3         124-999
            3217-3258           BM994533.1         24-65               c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..3258
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="2"
                     /map="2p25.1"
     gene            1..3258
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /note="ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:6241"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:10452"
                     /db_xref="MIM:180390"
     exon            1..159
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             61..1230
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /EC_number="1.17.4.1"
                     /note="isoform 2 is encoded by transcript variant 2;
                     ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide; ribonucleotide
                     reductase small chain; ribonucleoside-diphosphate
                     reductase subunit M2; ribonucleotide reductase small
                     subunit; uncharacterized protein C2orf48"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2
                     isoform 2"
                     /protein_id="NP_001025.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS1669.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:6241"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:10452"
                     /db_xref="MIM:180390"
                     /translation="MLSLRVPLAPITDPQQLQLSPLKGLSLVDKENTPPALSGTRVLA
                     SKTARRIFQEPTEPKTKAAAPGVEDEPLLRENPRRFVIFPIEYHDIWQMYKKAEASFW
                     TAEEVDLSKDIQHWESLKPEERYFISHVLAFFAASDGIVNENLVERFSQEVQITEARC
                     FYGFQIAMENIHSEMYSLLIDTYIKDPKEREFLFNAIETMPCVKKKADWALRWIGDKE
                     ATYGERVVAFAAVEGIFFSGSFASIFWLKKRGLMPGLTFSNELISRDEGLHCDFACLM
                     FKHLVHKPSEERVREIIINAVRIEQEFLTEALPVKLIGMNCTLMKQYIEFVADRLMLE
                     LGFSKVFRVENPFDFMENISLEGKTNFFEKRVGEYQRMGVMSSPTENSFTLDADF"
     exon            160..234
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            235..378
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            379..495
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            496..629
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            630..724
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            725..858
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            859..963
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            964..1077
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1078..3258
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1621..1626
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1644
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
     regulatory      1791..1796
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /note="hexamer: ATTAAA"
     polyA_site      1811
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
     regulatory      3238..3243
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      3258
                     /gene="RRM2"
                     /gene_synonym="C2orf48; R2; RR2; RR2M"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 gtgcaccctg tcccagccgt cctgtcctgg ctgctcgctc tgcttcgctg cgcctccact
       61 atgctctccc tccgtgtccc gctcgcgccc atcacggacc cgcagcagct gcagctctcg
      121 ccgctgaagg ggctcagctt ggtcgacaag gagaacacgc cgccggccct gagcgggacc
      181 cgcgtcctgg ccagcaagac cgcgaggagg atcttccagg agcccacgga gccgaaaact
      241 aaagcagctg cccccggcgt ggaggatgag ccgctgctga gagaaaaccc ccgccgcttt
      301 gtcatcttcc ccatcgagta ccatgatatc tggcagatgt ataagaaggc agaggcttcc
      361 ttttggaccg ccgaggaggt ggacctctcc aaggacattc agcactggga atccctgaaa
      421 cccgaggaga gatattttat atcccatgtt ctggctttct ttgcagcaag cgatggcata
      481 gtaaatgaaa acttggtgga gcgatttagc caagaagttc agattacaga agcccgctgt
      541 ttctatggct tccaaattgc catggaaaac atacattctg aaatgtatag tcttcttatt
      601 gacacttaca taaaagatcc caaagaaagg gaatttctct tcaatgccat tgaaacgatg
      661 ccttgtgtca agaagaaggc agactgggcc ttgcgctgga ttggggacaa agaggctacc
      721 tatggtgaac gtgttgtagc ctttgctgca gtggaaggca ttttcttttc cggttctttt
      781 gcgtcgatat tctggctcaa gaaacgagga ctgatgcctg gcctcacatt ttctaatgaa
      841 cttattagca gagatgaggg tttacactgt gattttgctt gcctgatgtt caaacacctg
      901 gtacacaaac catcggagga gagagtaaga gaaataatta tcaatgctgt tcggatagaa
      961 caggagttcc tcactgaggc cttgcctgtg aagctcattg ggatgaattg cactctaatg
     1021 aagcaataca ttgagtttgt ggcagacaga cttatgctgg aactgggttt tagcaaggtt
     1081 ttcagagtag agaacccatt tgactttatg gagaatattt cactggaagg aaagactaac
     1141 ttctttgaga agagagtagg cgagtatcag aggatgggag tgatgtcaag tccaacagag
     1201 aattctttta ccttggatgc tgacttctaa atgaactgaa gatgtgccct tacttggctg
     1261 attttttttt tccatctcat aagaaaaatc agctgaagtg ttaccaacta gccacaccat
     1321 gaattgtccg taatgttcat taacagcatc tttaaaactg tgtagctacc tcacaaccag
     1381 tcctgtctgt ttatagtgct ggtagtatca ccttttgcca gaaggcctgg ctggctgtga
     1441 cttaccatag cagtgacaat ggcagtcttg gctttaaagt gaggggtgac cctttagtga
     1501 gcttagcaca gcgggattaa acagtccttt aaccagcaca gccagttaaa agatgcagcc
     1561 tcactgcttc aacgcagatt ttaatgttta cttaaatata aacctggcac tttacaaaca
     1621 aataaacatt gtttgtactc acaaggcgat aatagcttga tttatttggt ttctacacca
     1681 aatacattct cctgaccact aatgggagcc aattcacaat tcactaagtg actaaagtaa
     1741 gttaaacttg tgtagactaa gcatgtaatt tttaagtttt attttaatga attaaaatat
     1801 ttgttaacca actttaaagt cagtcctgtg tatacctaga tattagtcag ttggtgccag
     1861 atagaagaca ggttgtgttt ttatcctgtg gcttgtgtag tgtcctggga ttctctgccc
     1921 cctctgagta gagtgttgtg ggataaagga atctctcagg gcaaggagct tcttaagtta
     1981 aatcactaga aatttagggg tgatctgggc cttcatatgt gtgagaagcc gtttcatttt
     2041 atttctcact gtattttcct caacgtctgg ttgatgagaa aaaattcttg aagagttttc
     2101 atatgtggga gctaaggtag tattgtaaaa tttcaagtca tccttaaaca aaatgatcca
     2161 cctaagatct tgcccctgtt aagtggtgaa atcaactaga ggtggttcct acaagttgtt
     2221 cattctagtt ttgtttggtg taagtaggtt gtgtgagtta attcatttat atttactatg
     2281 tctgttaaat cagaaatttt ttattatcta tgttcttcta gattttacct gtagttcata
     2341 cttcagtcac ccagtgtctt attctggcat tgtctaaatc tgagcattgt ctagggggat
     2401 cttaaacttt agtaggaaac catgagctgt taatacagtt tccattcaaa tattaatttc
     2461 agaatgaaac ataatttttt tttttttttt tgagatggag tctcgctctg ttgcccaggc
     2521 tggagtgcag tggcgcgatt ttggctcact gtaacctcca tctcctgggt tcaagcaatt
     2581 ctcctgtctc agcctcccta gtagctggga ctgcaggtat gtgctaccac acctggctaa
     2641 tttttgtatt tttagtagag atggagtttc accatattgg tcaggctggt cttgaactcc
     2701 tgacctcagg tgatccaccc acctcggcct cccaaagtgc tgggattgca ggcgtgataa
     2761 acaaatattc ttaatagggc tactttgaat taatctgcct ttatgtttgg gagaagaaag
     2821 ctgagacatt gcatgaaaga tgatgagaga taaatgttga tcttttggcc ccatttgtta
     2881 attgtattca gtatttgaac gtcgtcctgt ttattgttag ttttcttcat catttattgt
     2941 atagacaatt tttaaatctc tgtaatatga tacattttcc tatcttttaa gttattgtta
     3001 cctaaagtta atccagatta tatggtcctt atatgtgtac aacattaaaa tgaaaggctt
     3061 tgtcttgcat tgtgaggtac aggcggaagt tggaatcagg ttttaggatt ctgtctctca
     3121 ttagctgaat aatgtgagga ttaacttctg ccagctcaga ccatttccta atcagttgaa
     3181 agggaaacaa gtatttcagt ctcaaaattg aataatgcac aagtcttaag tgattaaaat
     3241 aaaactgttc ttatgtca
//
