LOCUS       NM_000963               4510 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 19-AUG-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_000963
VERSION     NM_000963.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Lv,X., Luo,C., Wu,J., Huang,Y., Quan,J., Gong,Q. and Tong,Z.
  TITLE     Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing of endothelial cells and
            proteomics to unravel the role of ICAM1-PTGS2 communication in
            apical periodontitis: A laboratory investigation
  JOURNAL   Int Endod J 57 (9), 1228-1246 (2024)
   PUBMED   38713190
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing of endothelial
            cells and proteomics to unravel the role of ICAM1-PTGS2
            communication in apical periodontitis: A laboratory investigation.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Chen,H., Zhou,Q., Pu,X., Wang,N., Wang,S., Feng,Z., Wang,B.,
            Zhu,Z., Qiu,Y. and Sun,X.
  TITLE     Association between vertebral endplate defects and patient-reported
            symptoms: an immunohistochemical study investigating the
            COX-2/PGE-2/EP-4 axis
  JOURNAL   Spine J 24 (8), 1407-1415 (2024)
   PUBMED   38631491
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Association between vertebral endplate defects and
            patient-reported symptoms: an immunohistochemical study
            investigating the COX-2/PGE-2/EP-4 axis.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Gogg,S., Nerstedt,A., Smith,U. and Hansson,E.
  TITLE     Breast volume in non-obese females is related to breast adipose
            cell hypertrophy, inflammation, and COX2 expression
  JOURNAL   J Plast Surg Hand Surg 59, 83-88 (2024)
   PUBMED   38967364
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Breast volume in non-obese females is related to breast
            adipose cell hypertrophy, inflammation, and COX2 expression.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Zheng,W., Guo,Y., Kahar,A., Bai,J., Zhu,Q., Huang,X., Li,Y., Xu,B.,
            Jia,X., Wu,G., Zhang,C. and Zhu,Y.
  TITLE     RUNX1-induced upregulation of PTGS2 enhances cell growth, migration
            and invasion in colorectal cancer cells
  JOURNAL   Sci Rep 14 (1), 11670 (2024)
   PUBMED   38778047
  REMARK    GeneRIF: RUNX1-induced upregulation of PTGS2 enhances cell growth,
            migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Okumura,T., Raja Xavier,J.P., Pasternak,J., Yang,Z., Hang,C.,
            Nosirov,B., Singh,Y., Admard,J., Brucker,S.Y., Kommoss,S.,
            Takeda,S., Staebler,A., Lang,F. and Salker,M.S.
  TITLE     Rel Family Transcription Factor NFAT5 Upregulates COX2 via
            HIF-1alpha Activity in Ishikawa and HEC1a Cells
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 25 (7), 3666 (2024)
   PUBMED   38612478
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Rel Family Transcription Factor NFAT5 Upregulates COX2 via
            HIF-1alpha Activity in Ishikawa and HEC1a Cells.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Kulmacz,R.J. and Wang,L.H.
  TITLE     Comparison of hydroperoxide initiator requirements for the
            cyclooxygenase activities of prostaglandin H synthase-1 and -2
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 270 (41), 24019-24023 (1995)
   PUBMED   7592599
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Vane,J.R., Mitchell,J.A., Appleton,I., Tomlinson,A.,
            Bishop-Bailey,D., Croxtall,J. and Willoughby,D.A.
  TITLE     Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase in
            inflammation
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 (6), 2046-2050 (1994)
   PUBMED   7510883
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Hla,T. and Neilson,K.
  TITLE     Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 (16), 7384-7388 (1992)
   PUBMED   1380156
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Kraemer,S.A., Meade,E.A. and DeWitt,D.L.
  TITLE     Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase gene structure: identification
            of the transcriptional start site and 5'-flanking regulatory
            sequences
  JOURNAL   Arch Biochem Biophys 293 (2), 391-400 (1992)
   PUBMED   1536575
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 4510)
  AUTHORS   Hamberg,M. and Samuelsson,B.
  TITLE     Detection and isolation of an endoperoxide intermediate in
            prostaglandin biosynthesis
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 70 (3), 899-903 (1973)
   PUBMED   4514999
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from DA277667.1, BC013734.1,
            AL033533.5, KF455116.1 and BM978796.1.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_000963.3.
            
            Summary: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as
            cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis,
            and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two
            isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2,
            which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue
            distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is
            regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is
            responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in
            inflammation and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009].
            
            Sequence Note: This RefSeq record was created from transcript and
            genomic sequence data to make the sequence consistent with the
            reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the
            transcript record were based on transcript alignments.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BC013734.1, SRR1660807.206449.1
                                           [ECO:0000332]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000367468.10/ ENSP00000356438.5
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on single protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-13                DA277667.1         5-17
            14-2374             BC013734.1         1-2361
            2375-3640           AL033533.5         43019-44284         c
            3641-3817           KF455116.1         132-308             c
            3818-4489           BM978796.1         15-686              c
            4490-4510           AL033533.5         42149-42169         c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..4510
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="1"
                     /map="1q31.1"
     gene            1..4510
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /note="prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:5743"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:9605"
                     /db_xref="MIM:600262"
     exon            1..185
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             134..1948
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /EC_number="1.14.99.1"
                     /note="cyclooxygenase 2b; PHS II;
                     prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H
                     synthase and cyclooxygenase); PGH synthase 2;
                     prostaglandin H2 synthase 2"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_000954.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS1371.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:5743"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:9605"
                     /db_xref="MIM:600262"
                     /translation="MLARALLLCAVLALSHTANPCCSHPCQNRGVCMSVGFDQYKCDC
                     TRTGFYGENCSTPEFLTRIKLFLKPTPNTVHYILTHFKGFWNVVNNIPFLRNAIMSYV
                     LTSRSHLIDSPPTYNADYGYKSWEAFSNLSYYTRALPPVPDDCPTPLGVKGKKQLPDS
                     NEIVEKLLLRRKFIPDPQGSNMMFAFFAQHFTHQFFKTDHKRGPAFTNGLGHGVDLNH
                     IYGETLARQRKLRLFKDGKMKYQIIDGEMYPPTVKDTQAEMIYPPQVPEHLRFAVGQE
                     VFGLVPGLMMYATIWLREHNRVCDVLKQEHPEWGDEQLFQTSRLILIGETIKIVIEDY
                     VQHLSGYHFKLKFDPELLFNKQFQYQNRIAAEFNTLYHWHPLLPDTFQIHDQKYNYQQ
                     FIYNNSILLEHGITQFVESFTRQIAGRVAGGRNVPPAVQKVSQASIDQSRQMKYQSFN
                     EYRKRFMLKPYESFEELTGEKEMSAELEALYGDIDAVELYPALLVEKPRPDAIFGETM
                     VEVGAPFSLKGLMGNVICSPAYWKPSTFGGEVGFQIINTASIQSLICNNVKGCPFTSF
                     SVPDPELIKTVTINASSSRSGLDDINPTVLLKERSTEL"
     exon            186..302
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            303..446
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            447..590
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            591..772
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            773..856
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            857..1103
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1104..1390
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1391..1538
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1539..4510
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      4434..4439
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      4468
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      4488..4493
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
                     /note="hexamer: GATAAA"
     polyA_site      4493
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
     polyA_site      4510
                     /gene="PTGS2"
                     /gene_synonym="COX-2; COX2; GRIPGHS; hCox-2; PGG/HS;
                     PGHS-2; PHS-2"
ORIGIN      
        1 aattgtcata cgacttgcag tgagcgtcag gagcacgtcc aggaactcct cagcagcgcc
       61 tccttcagct ccacagccag acgccctcag acagcaaagc ctacccccgc gccgcgccct
      121 gcccgccgct gcgatgctcg cccgcgccct gctgctgtgc gcggtcctgg cgctcagcca
      181 tacagcaaat ccttgctgtt cccacccatg tcaaaaccga ggtgtatgta tgagtgtggg
      241 atttgaccag tataagtgcg attgtacccg gacaggattc tatggagaaa actgctcaac
      301 accggaattt ttgacaagaa taaaattatt tctgaaaccc actccaaaca cagtgcacta
      361 catacttacc cacttcaagg gattttggaa cgttgtgaat aacattccct tccttcgaaa
      421 tgcaattatg agttatgtgt tgacatccag atcacatttg attgacagtc caccaactta
      481 caatgctgac tatggctaca aaagctggga agccttctct aacctctcct attatactag
      541 agcccttcct cctgtgcctg atgattgccc gactcccttg ggtgtcaaag gtaaaaagca
      601 gcttcctgat tcaaatgaga ttgtggaaaa attgcttcta agaagaaagt tcatccctga
      661 tccccagggc tcaaacatga tgtttgcatt ctttgcccag cacttcacgc atcagttttt
      721 caagacagat cataagcgag ggccagcttt caccaacggg ctgggccatg gggtggactt
      781 aaatcatatt tacggtgaaa ctctggctag acagcgtaaa ctgcgccttt tcaaggatgg
      841 aaaaatgaaa tatcagataa ttgatggaga gatgtatcct cccacagtca aagatactca
      901 ggcagagatg atctaccctc ctcaagtccc tgagcatcta cggtttgctg tggggcagga
      961 ggtctttggt ctggtgcctg gtctgatgat gtatgccaca atctggctgc gggaacacaa
     1021 cagagtatgc gatgtgctta aacaggagca tcctgaatgg ggtgatgagc agttgttcca
     1081 gacaagcagg ctaatactga taggagagac tattaagatt gtgattgaag attatgtgca
     1141 acacttgagt ggctatcact tcaaactgaa atttgaccca gaactacttt tcaacaaaca
     1201 attccagtac caaaatcgta ttgctgctga atttaacacc ctctatcact ggcatcccct
     1261 tctgcctgac acctttcaaa ttcatgacca gaaatacaac tatcaacagt ttatctacaa
     1321 caactctata ttgctggaac atggaattac ccagtttgtt gaatcattca ccaggcaaat
     1381 tgctggcagg gttgctggtg gtaggaatgt tccacccgca gtacagaaag tatcacaggc
     1441 ttccattgac cagagcaggc agatgaaata ccagtctttt aatgagtacc gcaaacgctt
     1501 tatgctgaag ccctatgaat catttgaaga acttacagga gaaaaggaaa tgtctgcaga
     1561 gttggaagca ctctatggtg acatcgatgc tgtggagctg tatcctgccc ttctggtaga
     1621 aaagcctcgg ccagatgcca tctttggtga aaccatggta gaagttggag caccattctc
     1681 cttgaaagga cttatgggta atgttatatg ttctcctgcc tactggaagc caagcacttt
     1741 tggtggagaa gtgggttttc aaatcatcaa cactgcctca attcagtctc tcatctgcaa
     1801 taacgtgaag ggctgtccct ttacttcatt cagtgttcca gatccagagc tcattaaaac
     1861 agtcaccatc aatgcaagtt cttcccgctc cggactagat gatatcaatc ccacagtact
     1921 actaaaagaa cgttcgactg aactgtagaa gtctaatgat catatttatt tatttatatg
     1981 aaccatgtct attaatttaa ttatttaata atatttatat taaactcctt atgttactta
     2041 acatcttctg taacagaagt cagtactcct gttgcggaga aaggagtcat acttgtgaag
     2101 acttttatgt cactactcta aagattttgc tgttgctgtt aagtttggaa aacagttttt
     2161 attctgtttt ataaaccaga gagaaatgag ttttgacgtc tttttacttg aatttcaact
     2221 tatattataa gaacgaaagt aaagatgttt gaatacttaa acactgtcac aagatggcaa
     2281 aatgctgaaa gtttttacac tgtcgatgtt tccaatgcat cttccatgat gcattagaag
     2341 taactaatgt ttgaaatttt aaagtacttt tggttatttt tctgtcatca aacaaaaaca
     2401 ggtatcagtg cattattaaa tgaatattta aattagacat taccagtaat ttcatgtcta
     2461 ctttttaaaa tcagcaatga aacaataatt tgaaatttct aaattcatag ggtagaatca
     2521 cctgtaaaag cttgtttgat ttcttaaagt tattaaactt gtacatatac caaaaagaag
     2581 ctgtcttgga tttaaatctg taaaatcagt agaaatttta ctacaattgc ttgttaaaat
     2641 attttataag tgatgttcct ttttcaccaa gagtataaac ctttttagtg tgactgttaa
     2701 aacttccttt taaatcaaaa tgccaaattt attaaggtgg tggagccact gcagtgttat
     2761 cttaaaataa gaatattttg ttgagatatt ccagaatttg tttatatggc tggtaacatg
     2821 taaaatctat atcagcaaaa gggtctacct ttaaaataag caataacaaa gaagaaaacc
     2881 aaattattgt tcaaatttag gtttaaactt ttgaagcaaa ctttttttta tccttgtgca
     2941 ctgcaggcct ggtactcaga ttttgctatg aggttaatga agtaccaagc tgtgcttgaa
     3001 taatgatatg ttttctcaga ttttctgttg tacagtttaa tttagcagtc catatcacat
     3061 tgcaaaagta gcaatgacct cataaaatac ctcttcaaaa tgcttaaatt catttcacac
     3121 attaatttta tctcagtctt gaagccaatt cagtaggtgc attggaatca agcctggcta
     3181 cctgcatgct gttccttttc ttttcttctt ttagccattt tgctaagaga cacagtcttc
     3241 tcatcacttc gtttctccta ttttgtttta ctagttttaa gatcagagtt cactttcttt
     3301 ggactctgcc tatattttct tacctgaact tttgcaagtt ttcaggtaaa cctcagctca
     3361 ggactgctat ttagctcctc ttaagaagat taaaagagaa aaaaaaaggc ccttttaaaa
     3421 atagtataca cttattttaa gtgaaaagca gagaatttta tttatagcta attttagcta
     3481 tctgtaacca agatggatgc aaagaggcta gtgcctcaga gagaactgta cggggtttgt
     3541 gactggaaaa agttacgttc ccattctaat taatgccctt tcttatttaa aaacaaaacc
     3601 aaatgatatc taagtagttc tcagcaataa taataatgac gataatactt cttttccaca
     3661 tctcattgtc actgacattt aatggtactg tatattactt aatttattga agattattat
     3721 ttatgtctta ttaggacact atggttataa actgtgttta agcctacaat cattgatttt
     3781 tttttgttat gtcacaatca gtatattttc tttggggtta cctctctgaa tattatgtaa
     3841 acaatccaaa gaaatgattg tattaagatt tgtgaataaa tttttagaaa tctgattggc
     3901 atattgagat atttaaggtt gaatgtttgt ccttaggata ggcctatgtg ctagcccaca
     3961 aagaatattg tctcattagc ctgaatgtgc cataagactg accttttaaa atgttttgag
     4021 ggatctgtgg atgcttcgtt aatttgttca gccacaattt attgagaaaa tattctgtgt
     4081 caagcactgt gggttttaat atttttaaat caaacgctga ttacagataa tagtatttat
     4141 ataaataatt gaaaaaaatt ttcttttggg aagagggaga aaatgaaata aatatcatta
     4201 aagataactc aggagaatct tctttacaat tttacgttta gaatgtttaa ggttaagaaa
     4261 gaaatagtca atatgcttgt ataaaacact gttcactgtt ttttttaaaa aaaaaacttg
     4321 atttgttatt aacattgatc tgctgacaaa acctgggaat ttgggttgtg tatgcgaatg
     4381 tttcagtgcc tcagacaaat gtgtatttaa cttatgtaaa agataagtct ggaaataaat
     4441 gtctgtttat ttttgtacta tttaaaaatt gacagatctt ttctgaagat aaactttgat
     4501 tgtttctata
//
