LOCUS       NM_002654               2305 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 13-MAR-2025
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens pyruvate kinase M1/2 (PKM), transcript variant 1,
            mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_002654
VERSION     NM_002654.6
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Anastasakis,D.G., Apostolidi,M., Garman,K.A., Polash,A.H.,
            Umar,M.I., Meng,Q., Scutenaire,J., Jarvis,J.E., Wang,X.,
            Haase,A.D., Brownell,I., Rinehart,J. and Hafner,M.
  TITLE     Nuclear PKM2 binds pre-mRNA at folded G-quadruplexes and reveals
            their gene regulatory role
  JOURNAL   Mol Cell 84 (19), 3775-3789 (2024)
   PUBMED   39153475
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Nuclear PKM2 binds pre-mRNA at folded G-quadruplexes and
            reveals their gene regulatory role.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Jin,C., Hu,W., Wang,Y., Wu,H., Zeng,S., Ying,M. and Hu,X.
  TITLE     Deciphering the interaction between PKM2 and the built-in
            thermodynamic properties of the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 300 (9), 107648 (2024)
   PUBMED   39121998
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Deciphering the interaction between PKM2 and the built-in
            thermodynamic properties of the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Zhu,S., Liang,X., Huang,X., Yao,Y., Tang,Z. and Liu,Z.
  TITLE     Expression and Significance of PKM1 in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
  JOURNAL   J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 34 (7), 811-816 (2024)
   PUBMED   38978246
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Expression and Significance of PKM1 in Acute Myeloid
            Leukaemia.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,Z.H., Zhang,H., Wang,Y.R., Liu,X.L., Huang,H. and Xu,X.H.
  TITLE     SIRT 1 binding with PKM and NSE and modulate their acetylation and
            activities
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 1867 (9), 794-801 (2019)
   PUBMED   31202897
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Shulman,R.G. and Rothman,D.L.
  TITLE     The Glycogen Shunt Maintains Glycolytic Homeostasis and the Warburg
            Effect in Cancer
  JOURNAL   Trends Cancer 3 (11), 761-767 (2017)
   PUBMED   29120752
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Simsek,D., Tiu,G.C., Flynn,R.A., Byeon,G.W., Leppek,K., Xu,A.F.,
            Chang,H.Y. and Barna,M.
  TITLE     The Mammalian Ribo-interactome Reveals Ribosome Functional
            Diversity and Heterogeneity
  JOURNAL   Cell 169 (6), 1051-1065 (2017)
   PUBMED   28575669
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Israelsen,W.J. and Vander Heiden,M.G.
  TITLE     Pyruvate kinase: Function, regulation and role in cancer
  JOURNAL   Semin Cell Dev Biol 43, 43-51 (2015)
   PUBMED   26277545
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Takenaka,M., Noguchi,T., Sadahiro,S., Hirai,H., Yamada,K.,
            Matsuda,T., Imai,E. and Tanaka,T.
  TITLE     Isolation and characterization of the human pyruvate kinase M gene
  JOURNAL   Eur J Biochem 198 (1), 101-106 (1991)
   PUBMED   2040271
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Marjanovic,S., Eriksson,I. and Nelson,B.D.
  TITLE     Expression of a new set of glycolytic isozymes in activated human
            peripheral lymphocytes
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 1087 (1), 1-6 (1990)
   PUBMED   2169315
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 2305)
  AUTHORS   Liu,J.B.
  TITLE     [M2-type pyruvate kinase in the diagnosis of hepatocarcinoma--a
            pilot study]
  JOURNAL   Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 12 (3), 166-169 (1990)
   PUBMED   2174328
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AC020779.10.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On Nov 23, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_002654.5.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a protein involved in glycolysis. The
            encoded protein is a pyruvate kinase that catalyzes the transfer of
            a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, generating ATP
            and pyruvate. This protein has been shown to interact with thyroid
            hormone and may mediate cellular metabolic effects induced by
            thyroid hormones. This protein has been found to bind Opa protein,
            a bacterial outer membrane protein involved in gonococcal adherence
            to and invasion of human cells, suggesting a role of this protein
            in bacterial pathogenesis. Several alternatively spliced transcript
            variants encoding a few distinct isoforms have been reported.
            [provided by RefSeq, May 2011].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) differs in the 5' UTR and
            coding sequence and has an alternate in-frame coding exon compared
            to variant 4. The resulting isoform (a, also called M2) is shorter
            at the N-terminus and has a different internal segment compared to
            isoform c.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: EU794631.1, SRR3476690.254571.1
                                           [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1968540, SAMEA2145893
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: inferred from homology
            MANE Ensembl match                 :: ENST00000335181.10/
                                                  ENSP00000334983.5
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on conservation,
                                                  expression
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-75                AC020779.10        168007-168081       c
            76-242              AC020779.10        155835-156001       c
            243-334             AC020779.10        154300-154391       c
            335-466             AC020779.10        147238-147369       c
            467-653             AC020779.10        146564-146750       c
            654-924             AC020779.10        145512-145782       c
            925-1075            AC020779.10        144018-144168       c
            1076-1228           AC020779.10        143619-143771       c
            1229-1395           AC020779.10        139345-139511       c
            1396-1577           AC020779.10        137365-137546       c
            1578-2305           AC020779.10        135920-136647       c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..2305
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="15"
                     /map="15q23"
     gene            1..2305
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /note="pyruvate kinase M1/2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:5315"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:9021"
                     /db_xref="MIM:179050"
     exon            1..75
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            76..242
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             89..1684
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /EC_number="2.7.1.40"
                     /EC_number="2.7.11.1"
                     /EC_number="2.7.10.2"
                     /note="isoform a is encoded by transcript variant 1; PK,
                     muscle type; OPA-interacting protein 3; pyruvate kinase
                     PKM; epididymis secretory protein Li 30; thyroid
                     hormone-binding protein, cytosolic; pyruvate kinase
                     isozymes M1/M2; tumor M2-PK; pyruvate kinase 2/3; pyruvate
                     kinase muscle isozyme; thyroid hormone-binding protein 1;
                     cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein; pyruvate
                     kinase, muscle; tyrosine-protein kinase PKM2;
                     threonine-protein kinase PKM2"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="pyruvate kinase PKM isoform a"
                     /protein_id="NP_002645.3"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS32284.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:5315"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:9021"
                     /db_xref="MIM:179050"
                     /translation="MSKPHSEAGTAFIQTQQLHAAMADTFLEHMCRLDIDSPPITARN
                     TGIICTIGPASRSVETLKEMIKSGMNVARLNFSHGTHEYHAETIKNVRTATESFASDP
                     ILYRPVAVALDTKGPEIRTGLIKGSGTAEVELKKGATLKITLDNAYMEKCDENILWLD
                     YKNICKVVEVGSKIYVDDGLISLQVKQKGADFLVTEVENGGSLGSKKGVNLPGAAVDL
                     PAVSEKDIQDLKFGVEQDVDMVFASFIRKASDVHEVRKVLGEKGKNIKIISKIENHEG
                     VRRFDEILEASDGIMVARGDLGIEIPAEKVFLAQKMMIGRCNRAGKPVICATQMLESM
                     IKKPRPTRAEGSDVANAVLDGADCIMLSGETAKGDYPLEAVRMQHLIAREAEAAIYHL
                     QLFEELRRLAPITSDPTEATAVGAVEASFKCCSGAIIVLTKSGRSAHQVARYRPRAPI
                     IAVTRNPQTARQAHLYRGIFPVLCKDPVQEAWAEDVDLRVNFAMNVGKARGFFKKGDV
                     VIVLTGWRPGSGFTNTMRVVPVP"
     exon            243..334
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            335..466
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            467..653
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            654..924
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            925..1075
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1076..1228
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1229..1395
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1396..1577
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1578..2305
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      2284..2289
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      2305
                     /gene="PKM"
                     /gene_synonym="CTHBP; HEL-S-30; OIP3; p58; PK3; PKM2; TCB;
                     THBP1"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 gcacagcagc tgcacgcgcc gtggctccgg atctcttcgt ctttgcagcg tagcccgagt
       61 cggtcagcgc cggaggacct cagcagccat gtcgaagccc catagtgaag ccgggactgc
      121 cttcattcag acccagcagc tgcacgcagc catggctgac acattcctgg agcacatgtg
      181 ccgcctggac attgattcac cacccatcac agcccggaac actggcatca tctgtaccat
      241 tggcccagct tcccgatcag tggagacgtt gaaggagatg attaagtctg gaatgaatgt
      301 ggctcgtctg aacttctctc atggaactca tgagtaccat gcggagacca tcaagaatgt
      361 gcgcacagcc acggaaagct ttgcttctga ccccatcctc taccggcccg ttgctgtggc
      421 tctagacact aaaggacctg agatccgaac tgggctcatc aagggcagcg gcactgcaga
      481 ggtggagctg aagaagggag ccactctcaa aatcacgctg gataacgcct acatggaaaa
      541 gtgtgacgag aacatcctgt ggctggacta caagaacatc tgcaaggtgg tggaagtggg
      601 cagcaagatc tacgtggatg atgggcttat ttctctccag gtgaagcaga aaggtgccga
      661 cttcctggtg acggaggtgg aaaatggtgg ctccttgggc agcaagaagg gtgtgaacct
      721 tcctggggct gctgtggact tgcctgctgt gtcggagaag gacatccagg atctgaagtt
      781 tggggtcgag caggatgttg atatggtgtt tgcgtcattc atccgcaagg catctgatgt
      841 ccatgaagtt aggaaggtcc tgggagagaa gggaaagaac atcaagatta tcagcaaaat
      901 cgagaatcat gagggggttc ggaggtttga tgaaatcctg gaggccagtg atgggatcat
      961 ggtggctcgt ggtgatctag gcattgagat tcctgcagag aaggtcttcc ttgctcagaa
     1021 gatgatgatt ggacggtgca accgagctgg gaagcctgtc atctgtgcta ctcagatgct
     1081 ggagagcatg atcaagaagc cccgccccac tcgggctgaa ggcagtgatg tggccaatgc
     1141 agtcctggat ggagccgact gcatcatgct gtctggagaa acagccaaag gggactatcc
     1201 tctggaggct gtgcgcatgc agcacctgat tgcccgtgag gcagaggctg ccatctacca
     1261 cttgcaatta tttgaggaac tccgccgcct ggcgcccatt accagcgacc ccacagaagc
     1321 caccgccgtg ggtgccgtgg aggcctcctt caagtgctgc agtggggcca taatcgtcct
     1381 caccaagtct ggcaggtctg ctcaccaggt ggccagatac cgcccacgtg cccccatcat
     1441 tgctgtgacc cggaatcccc agacagctcg tcaggcccac ctgtaccgtg gcatcttccc
     1501 tgtgctgtgc aaggacccag tccaggaggc ctgggctgag gacgtggacc tccgggtgaa
     1561 ctttgccatg aatgttggca aggcccgagg cttcttcaag aagggagatg tggtcattgt
     1621 gctgaccgga tggcgccctg gctccggctt caccaacacc atgcgtgttg ttcctgtgcc
     1681 gtgatggacc ccagagcccc tcctccagcc cctgtcccac ccccttcccc cagcccatcc
     1741 attaggccag caacgcttgt agaactcact ctgggctgta acgtggcact ggtaggttgg
     1801 gacaccaggg aagaagatca acgcctcact gaaacatggc tgtgtttgca gcctgctcta
     1861 gtgggacagc ccagagcctg gctgcccatc atgtggcccc acccaatcaa gggaagaagg
     1921 aggaatgctg gactggaggc ccctggagcc agatggcaag agggtgacag cttcctttcc
     1981 tgtgtgtact ctgtccagtt cctttagaaa aaatggatgc ccagaggact cccaaccctg
     2041 gcttggggtc aagaaacagc cagcaagagt taggggcctt agggcactgg gctgttgttc
     2101 cattgaagcc gactctggcc ctggccctta cttgcttctc tagctctcta ggcctctcca
     2161 gtttgcacct gtccccaccc tccactcagc tgtcctgcag caaacactcc accctccacc
     2221 ttccattttc ccccactact gcagcacctc caggcctgtt gctatagagc ctacctgtat
     2281 gtcaataaac aacagctgaa gcacc
//
