LOCUS       NM_003631               4294 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 27-MAY-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), transcript
            variant 1, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_003631 XM_495821
VERSION     NM_003631.5
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Yan,J., Zhou,Y., Wang,Y. and Liu,Y.
  TITLE     PARG Promotes Esophagus Cancer Cell Metastasis by Activation of the
            Wnt/beta-Catenin Pathway
  JOURNAL   Biochem Genet 62 (2), 761-774 (2024)
   PUBMED   37429965
  REMARK    GeneRIF: PARG Promotes Esophagus Cancer Cell Metastasis by
            Activation of the Wnt/beta-Catenin Pathway.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Li,J., Liu,X., Peng,B., Feng,T., Zhou,W., Meng,L., Zhao,S.,
            Zheng,X., Wu,C., Wu,S., Chen,X., Xu,X., Sun,J. and Li,J.
  TITLE     O-GlcNAc has crosstalk with ADP-ribosylation via PARG
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 299 (11), 105354 (2023)
   PUBMED   37858678
  REMARK    GeneRIF: O-GlcNAc has crosstalk with ADP-ribosylation via PARG.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Fontana,P., Buch-Larsen,S.C., Suyari,O., Smith,R., Suskiewicz,M.J.,
            Schutzenhofer,K., Ariza,A., Rack,J.G.M., Nielsen,M.L. and Ahel,I.
  TITLE     Serine ADP-ribosylation in Drosophila provides insights into the
            evolution of reversible ADP-ribosylation signalling
  JOURNAL   Nat Commun 14 (1), 3200 (2023)
   PUBMED   37268618
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Karpova,Y., Johnson,S.J., Bordet,G., Guo,D., Ghatak,A., Markov,D.A.
            and Tulin,A.V.
  TITLE     Upregulation of PARG in prostate cancer cells suppresses their
            malignant behavior and downregulates tumor-promoting genes
  JOURNAL   Biomed Pharmacother 153, 113504 (2022)
   PUBMED   36076593
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Upregulation of PARG in prostate cancer cells suppresses
            their malignant behavior and downregulates tumor-promoting genes.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Rack,J.G.M., Liu,Q., Zorzini,V., Voorneveld,J., Ariza,A., Honarmand
            Ebrahimi,K., Reber,J.M., Krassnig,S.C., Ahel,D., van der
            Marel,G.A., Mangerich,A., McCullagh,J.S.O., Filippov,D.V. and
            Ahel,I.
  TITLE     Mechanistic insights into the three steps of poly(ADP-ribosylation)
            reversal
  JOURNAL   Nat Commun 12 (1), 4581 (2021)
   PUBMED   34321462
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Winstall,E., Affar,E.B., Shah,R., Bourassa,S., Scovassi,A.I. and
            Poirier,G.G.
  TITLE     Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase is present and active in mammalian
            cells as a 110-kDa protein
  JOURNAL   Exp Cell Res 246 (2), 395-398 (1999)
   PUBMED   9925755
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Ame,J.C., Apiou,F., Jacobson,E.L. and Jacobson,M.K.
  TITLE     Assignment of the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase gene (PARG) to
            human chromosome 10q11.23 and mouse chromosome 14B by in situ
            hybridization
  JOURNAL   Cytogenet Cell Genet 85 (3-4), 269-270 (1999)
   PUBMED   10449915
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Lin,W., Ame,J.C., Aboul-Ela,N., Jacobson,E.L. and Jacobson,M.K.
  TITLE     Isolation and characterization of the cDNA encoding bovine
            poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 272 (18), 11895-11901 (1997)
   PUBMED   9115250
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Bernardi,R., Rossi,L., Poirier,G.G. and Scovassi,A.I.
  TITLE     Analysis of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity in nuclear
            extracts from mammalian cells
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 1338 (1), 60-68 (1997)
   PUBMED   9074616
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 4294)
  AUTHORS   Uchida,K., Suzuki,H., Maruta,H., Abe,H., Aoki,K., Miwa,M. and
            Tanuma,S.
  TITLE     Preferential degradation of protein-bound (ADP-ribose)n by nuclear
            poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from human placenta
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 268 (5), 3194-3200 (1993)
   PUBMED   8428996
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from FP565721.2, AL731572.9 and
            AC069546.6.
            
            On Jun 17, 2020 this sequence version replaced NM_003631.4.
            
            Summary: Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the major enzyme
            responsible for the catabolism of poly(ADP-ribose), a reversible
            covalent-modifier of chromosomal proteins. The protein is found in
            many tissues and may be subject to proteolysis generating smaller,
            active products. Several transcript variants encoding different
            isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan
            2015].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BC050560.1, DQ867088.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: mixed sample support SAMEA1965299,
                                           SAMEA1966682 [ECO:0006172]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000616448.2/ ENSP00000484285.1
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on manual assertion, conservation,
                                      expression, longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-519               FP565721.2         14145-14663         c
            520-586             FP565721.2         7712-7778           c
            587-1573            FP565721.2         5813-6799           c
            1574-1757           FP565721.2         4736-4919           c
            1758-1880           AL731572.9         103722-103844       c
            1881-1964           AL731572.9         103511-103594       c
            1965-2039           AL731572.9         97092-97166         c
            2040-2132           AL731572.9         66378-66470         c
            2133-2290           AL731572.9         60848-61005         c
            2291-2370           AL731572.9         50651-50730         c
            2371-2431           AL731572.9         46496-46556         c
            2432-2507           AL731572.9         42763-42838         c
            2508-2655           AL731572.9         38481-38628         c
            2656-2734           AL731572.9         24729-24807         c
            2735-2843           AL731572.9         23125-23233         c
            2844-2949           AL731572.9         13978-14083         c
            2950-3078           AC069546.6         533-661
            3079-4294           AC069546.6         1332-2547
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..4294
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="10"
                     /map="10q11.23"
     gene            1..4294
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /note="poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:8505"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:8605"
                     /db_xref="MIM:603501"
     exon            1..519
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             303..3233
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /EC_number="3.2.1.143"
                     /note="isoform a is encoded by transcript variant 1;
                     mitochondrial poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase isoform a"
                     /protein_id="NP_003622.2"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS73130.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:8505"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:8605"
                     /db_xref="MIM:603501"
                     /translation="MNAGPGCEPCTKRPRWGAATTSPAASDARSFPSRQRRVLDPKDA
                     HVQFRVPPSSPACVPGRAGQHRGSATSLVFKQKTITSWMDTKGIKTAESESLDSKENN
                     NTRIESMMSSVQKDNFYQHNVEKLENVSQLSLDKSPTEKSTQYLNQHQTAAMCKWQNE
                     GKHTEQLLESEPQTVTLVPEQFSNANIDRSPQNDDHSDTDSEENRDNQQFLTTVKLAN
                     AKQTTEDEQAREAKSHQKCSKSCDPGEDCASCQQDEIDVVPESPLSDVGSEDVGTGPK
                     NDNKLTRQESCLGNSPPFEKESEPESPMDVDNSKNSCQDSEADEETSPGFDEQEDGSS
                     SQTANKPSRFQARDADIEFRKRYSTKGGEVRLHFQFEGGESRTGMNDLNAKLPGNISS
                     LNVECRNSKQHGKKDSKITDHFMRLPKAEDRRKEQWETKHQRTERKIPKYVPPHLSPD
                     KKWLGTPIEEMRRMPRCGIRLPLLRPSANHTVTIRVDLLRAGEVPKPFPTHYKDLWDN
                     KHVKMPCSEQNLYPVEDENGERTAGSRWELIQTALLNKFTRPQNLKDAILKYNVAYSK
                     KWDFTALIDFWDKVLEEAEAQHLYQSILPDMVKIALCLPNICTQPIPLLKQKMNHSIT
                     MSQEQIASLLANAFFCTFPRRNAKMKSEYSSYPDINFNRLFEGRSSRKPEKLKTLFCY
                     FRRVTEKKPTGLVTFTRQSLEDFPEWERCEKPLTRLHVTYEGTIEENGQGMLQVDFAN
                     RFVGGGVTSAGLVQEEIRFLINPELIISRLFTEVLDHNECLIITGTEQYSEYTGYAET
                     YRWSRSHEDGSERDDWQRRCTEIVAIDALHFRRYLDQFVPEKMRRELNKAYCGFLRPG
                     VSSENLSAVATGNWGCGAFGGDARLKALIQILAAAAAERDVVYFTFGDSELMRDIYSM
                     HIFLTERKLTVGDVYKLLLRYYNEECRNCSTPGPDIKLYPFIYHAVESCAETADHSGQ
                     RTGT"
     exon            520..586
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            587..1573
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1574..1757
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1758..1880
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1881..1964
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1965..2039
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2040..2132
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2133..2290
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2291..2370
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2371..2431
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2432..2507
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2508..2655
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2656..2734
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2735..2843
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2844..2949
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            2950..3078
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            3079..4294
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      4166..4171
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      4186
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      4269..4274
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      4294
                     /gene="PARG"
                     /gene_synonym="PARG99"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 agtgtgcgcc ccggaagccg gaagcgcctg acggcagctt tccggtggtg ggaaagtgaa
       61 cgaatcccga atcaaagcgg cgcattgagg caggtggggt gccagtggaa gagggaaggc
      121 aggcgagtgt ttacggcctg acttgggagg ccggcggatc agcaattgca gaagcaggca
      181 gcggcagaga gggaatggtg caggcaggcg ctgagaagga ggcgcagtcc atctctctca
      241 gggttagtga atgaggctct ccgcccgggc cggcccgggg acagtgcgct gctggtccca
      301 gcatgaatgc gggccccggc tgtgaaccct gcaccaagcg accccgctgg ggcgccgcta
      361 caacttcgcc ggctgcttcg gacgcccgga gctttcccag caggcagagg cgcgtcctcg
      421 accccaagga cgctcacgtg cagttcaggg tcccaccgtc ctcgccagcc tgcgtcccag
      481 ggcgggcggg acagcacaga ggcagcgcca cctcgcttgt tttcaaacaa aagactatta
      541 ccagttggat ggacactaaa ggaatcaaga cagcggaatc agaaagtttg gatagtaaag
      601 aaaacaacaa tacaagaata gaatccatga tgagttctgt acaaaaagat aacttttacc
      661 aacataatgt agaaaaatta gaaaatgttt ctcagctaag tcttgataag tcacccactg
      721 aaaaaagtac acagtatttg aaccagcatc agactgcagc aatgtgtaag tggcaaaatg
      781 aagggaaaca cacggagcag cttttggaaa gtgaacctca aacagtaacc ctggtaccag
      841 agcagtttag taatgctaac attgatcggt cacctcaaaa tgatgatcac agtgacacag
      901 atagtgaaga gaatagagac aatcaacagt ttctcacaac tgtaaagctt gcaaatgcaa
      961 agcagactac agaagatgaa caggccagag aagccaaaag ccaccagaag tgcagcaagt
     1021 cttgcgatcc tggggaagac tgtgcaagtt gtcagcaaga tgagatagat gtggtgccag
     1081 agagtccatt gtcagatgtt ggctctgagg atgttggtac tgggccaaaa aatgacaaca
     1141 aattgactag acaagaaagt tgcctaggaa attctcctcc atttgagaag gaaagtgaac
     1201 ccgagtcacc gatggatgtg gataattcta aaaatagttg tcaagactca gaagcagatg
     1261 aggagacaag tccaggtttt gatgaacaag aagatggtag ttcctcccaa acagcaaata
     1321 aaccttcaag gttccaagca agagacgctg acattgaatt taggaaacgg tactctacta
     1381 agggcggtga agttagatta catttccaat ttgaaggagg agagagtcgc actggaatga
     1441 atgatttaaa tgctaaacta cctggaaata tttctagcct gaatgtagaa tgcagaaatt
     1501 ctaagcaaca tggaaaaaag gattctaaaa tcacagatca tttcatgaga ctgcccaaag
     1561 cagaggacag aagaaaagaa cagtgggaaa ccaaacatca aagaacagaa aggaagatcc
     1621 ctaaatacgt tccacctcac ctttctccag ataagaagtg gcttggaact cccattgagg
     1681 agatgagaag aatgcctcgg tgtgggatcc ggctgcctct cttgagacca tctgccaatc
     1741 acacagtaac tattcgggta gatcttttgc gagcaggaga agttcctaaa ccttttccaa
     1801 cacattataa agatttgtgg gataacaagc atgttaaaat gccttgttca gaacaaaatt
     1861 tgtacccagt ggaagatgag aatggtgagc gaactgcggg gagccggtgg gagctcattc
     1921 agactgcact tctcaacaaa tttacacgac cccaaaactt gaaggatgct attctgaaat
     1981 acaatgtggc atattctaag aaatgggact ttacagcttt gatcgatttc tgggataagg
     2041 tacttgaaga agcagaagct caacatttat atcagtccat cttgcctgat atggtgaaaa
     2101 ttgcactctg tctgccaaat atttgcaccc agccaatacc actcctgaaa cagaagatga
     2161 atcattccat cacaatgtcg caggaacaga ttgccagtct tttagctaat gctttcttct
     2221 gcacatttcc acgacgaaat gctaagatga aatcggagta ttctagttac ccagacatta
     2281 acttcaatcg attgtttgag ggacgttcat caaggaaacc ggagaaactt aaaacgctct
     2341 tctgctactt tagaagagtc acagagaaaa aacctactgg gttggtgaca tttacaagac
     2401 agagtcttga agattttcca gaatgggaaa gatgtgaaaa acccttgaca cgattgcatg
     2461 tcacttacga aggtaccata gaagaaaatg gccaaggcat gctacaggtg gattttgcaa
     2521 atcgttttgt tggaggtggt gtaaccagtg caggacttgt gcaagaagaa atccgctttt
     2581 taatcaatcc tgagttgatt atttcacggc tcttcactga ggtgctggat cacaatgaat
     2641 gtctaattat cacaggtact gagcagtaca gtgaatacac aggctatgct gagacatatc
     2701 gttggtcccg gagccacgaa gatgggagtg aaagggacga ctggcagcgg cgctgcactg
     2761 agatcgttgc catcgatgct cttcacttca gacgctacct cgatcagttt gtgcctgaga
     2821 aaatgagacg cgagctgaac aaggcttact gtggatttct ccgtcctgga gtttcttcag
     2881 agaatctttc tgcagtggcc acaggaaact ggggctgtgg tgcctttggg ggtgatgcca
     2941 ggttaaaagc cttaatacag atattggcag ctgctgcagc tgagcgagat gtggtttatt
     3001 tcacctttgg ggactcagaa ttgatgagag acatttacag catgcacatt ttccttactg
     3061 aaaggaaact cactgttgga gatgtgtata agctgttgct acgatactac aatgaagaat
     3121 gcagaaactg ttccacccct ggaccagaca tcaagcttta tccattcata taccatgctg
     3181 tcgagtcctg tgcagagacc gctgaccatt cagggcaaag gacagggacc tgaggagccg
     3241 agcgaatagc atctcctccc acctcccacc agagacgtcc tgtttgagct gtcaggtgta
     3301 atatatgaat tgacttaagt taatataaat gtgtacataa tccacatttg tagtcaagga
     3361 cgcaatctct tccacacatg tgcagttgtc agttggtaca tctaaactcc ctccatcctg
     3421 actcacgtgg acttagatat gttttgtttc tattttcttc tatttcagtt tttcattctt
     3481 tgatgtttat ttcttttgtc catcagatct cttgtgaaat cccatggaag gttgtgctca
     3541 gcctgtcggg tctctttctt cctgcccata tattatacca gttgcttctg cagcccgcag
     3601 atgccagcga tgccaggaaa caagttgaaa tccaggaatc tctttaactg attttgctaa
     3661 aaatctccct gtgagccttc cactcaactc ttaatatgct tgcattgttt aagtttttaa
     3721 attctgaaaa ttaataatta gggttttttt catatgtgtt gcataatgca aacctcctag
     3781 gttaaaatag tttctttatt taagatagaa taatttccag aaattgtact tttgaggtat
     3841 catttttatc tgtaatggtt tgtctgtctt ttttcctctg atcagtattt ttttatacca
     3901 gttttggaga ctggctgaga tgaaaggaaa tgtggaataa aaggaggttt tcctgatgtg
     3961 gtgtaaagaa aacagattca agagaattga agattttttt tgtttcttgg tacttttttc
     4021 tttttaaatt aggactaatg tttcttttgt ggtgcttgag gcatattcat ataaccaaag
     4081 tttgagaact gggaacttca tgctgatttg tacatattga agtttctctg gtattcaaag
     4141 gttatatagt gaatgaattt tcattaataa atcactttgt cagaaactcc catatcatct
     4201 atattttata tatgtatata taaacgtatg ctctttaagt gtgtctatat gtgagcacat
     4261 aaaatctaaa taaaattgga ctggtgggaa acaa
//
