LOCUS       NM_002128               5456 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 29-OCT-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), transcript variant
            2, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_002128
VERSION     NM_002128.7
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Wang,S., Cheng,T., Chen,X., Zeng,C., Qin,W. and Xu,Y.
  TITLE     IFN-gamma induces acute graft-versus-host disease by promoting
            HMGB1-mediated nuclear-to-cytoplasm translocation and autophagic
            degradation of p53
  JOURNAL   Clin Sci (Lond) 138 (20), 1287-1304 (2024)
   PUBMED   39312196
  REMARK    GeneRIF: IFN-gamma induces acute graft-versus-host disease by
            promoting HMGB1-mediated nuclear-to-cytoplasm translocation and
            autophagic degradation of p53.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   De Luca,G., Goette,N.P., Lev,P.R., Baroni Pietto,M.C., Marin
            Oyarzun,C.P., Castro Rios,M.A., Moiraghi,B., Sackmann,F.,
            Kamiya,L.J., Verri,V., Caula,V., Fernandez,V., Vicente,A., Pose
            Cabarcos,J., Caruso,V., Camacho,M.F., Larripa,I.B., Khoury,M.,
            Marta,R.F., Glembotsky,A.C. and Heller,P.G.
  TITLE     Elevated levels of damage-associated molecular patterns HMGB1 and
            S100A8/A9 coupled with toll-like receptor-triggered monocyte
            activation are associated with inflammation in patients with
            myelofibrosis
  JOURNAL   Front Immunol 15, 1365015 (2024)
   PUBMED   39391311
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Elevated levels of damage-associated molecular patterns
            HMGB1 and S100A8/A9 coupled with toll-like receptor-triggered
            monocyte activation are associated with inflammation in patients
            with myelofibrosis.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Ozbay Kurt,F.G., Cicortas,B.A., Balzasch,B.M., De la Torre,C.,
            Ast,V., Tavukcuoglu,E., Ak,C., Wohlfeil,S.A., Cerwenka,A.,
            Utikal,J. and Umansky,V.
  TITLE     S100A9 and HMGB1 orchestrate MDSC-mediated immunosuppression in
            melanoma through TLR4 signaling
  JOURNAL   J Immunother Cancer 12 (9), e009552 (2024)
   PUBMED   39266214
  REMARK    GeneRIF: S100A9 and HMGB1 orchestrate MDSC-mediated
            immunosuppression in melanoma through TLR4 signaling.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Gao,P., Wu,Y. and Yan,Z.
  TITLE     LncRNA ILF3-AS1 mediates oxidative stress and inflammation through
            miR-504-3p/HMGB1 axis in a cellular model of temporal lobe epilepsy
  JOURNAL   Brain Behav 14 (8), e3615 (2024)
   PUBMED   39135276
  REMARK    GeneRIF: LncRNA ILF3-AS1 mediates oxidative stress and inflammation
            through miR-504-3p/HMGB1 axis in a cellular model of temporal lobe
            epilepsy.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Ferrari,S., Finelli,P., Rocchi,M. and Bianchi,M.E.
  TITLE     The active gene that encodes human high mobility group 1 protein
            (HMG1) contains introns and maps to chromosome 13
  JOURNAL   Genomics 35 (2), 367-371 (1996)
   PUBMED   8661151
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Ge,H. and Roeder,R.G.
  TITLE     The high mobility group protein HMG1 can reversibly inhibit class
            II gene transcription by interaction with the TATA-binding protein
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 269 (25), 17136-17140 (1994)
   PUBMED   8006019
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Paull,T.T., Haykinson,M.J. and Johnson,R.C.
  TITLE     The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2
            promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures
  JOURNAL   Genes Dev 7 (8), 1521-1534 (1993)
   PUBMED   8339930
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Parkkinen,J. and Rauvala,H.
  TITLE     Interactions of plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
            with amphoterin. Enhancement of t-PA-catalyzed plasminogen
            activation by amphoterin
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 266 (25), 16730-16735 (1991)
   PUBMED   1909331
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Wen,L., Huang,J.K., Johnson,B.H. and Reeck,G.R.
  TITLE     A human placental cDNA clone that encodes nonhistone chromosomal
            protein HMG-1
  JOURNAL   Nucleic Acids Res 17 (3), 1197-1214 (1989)
   PUBMED   2922262
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 5456)
  AUTHORS   Bernues,J., Espel,E. and Querol,E.
  TITLE     Identification of the core-histone-binding domains of HMG1 and HMG2
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 866 (4), 242-251 (1986)
   PUBMED   3697355
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AL353648.27.
            
            On Nov 23, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_002128.6.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the High
            Mobility Group-box superfamily. The encoded non-histone, nuclear
            DNA-binding protein regulates transcription, and is involved in
            organization of DNA. This protein plays a role in several cellular
            processes, including inflammation, cell differentiation and tumor
            cell migration. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene have been
            identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript
            variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep
            2015].
            
            Sequence Note: This RefSeq record was created from transcript and
            genomic sequence data to make the sequence consistent with the
            reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the
            transcript record were based on transcript alignments.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: SRR1660809.234042.1,
                                           SRR1660809.12063.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA2146411, SAMEA2149004
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000341423.10/ ENSP00000345347.5
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-141               AL353648.27        23172-23312         c
            142-305             AL353648.27        20907-21070         c
            306-451             AL353648.27        20583-20728         c
            452-626             AL353648.27        19914-20088         c
            627-5456            AL353648.27        14080-18909         c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..5456
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="13"
                     /map="13q12.3"
     gene            1..5456
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="high mobility group box 1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:3146"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4983"
                     /db_xref="MIM:163905"
     exon            1..141
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            142..305
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             156..803
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="isoform 1 is encoded by transcript variant 2;
                     Sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate binding protein; Amphoterin;
                     high-mobility group (nonhistone chromosomal) protein 1;
                     high mobility group protein B1"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="high mobility group protein B1 isoform 1"
                     /protein_id="NP_002119.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS9335.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:3146"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4983"
                     /db_xref="MIM:163905"
                     /translation="MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKK
                     CSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAF
                     FLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIA
                     AYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEKSKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE"
     exon            306..451
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            452..626
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            627..5456
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1243..1248
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="hexamer: AGTAAA"
     polyA_site      1265
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      2290..2295
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAT"
     polyA_site      2310
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     polyA_site      3366
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
     regulatory      3398..3403
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="hexamer: ATTAAA"
     polyA_site      3420
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
     regulatory      4226..4231
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
                     /note="hexamer: GATAAA"
     polyA_site      4266
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
     polyA_site      5456
                     /gene="HMGB1"
                     /gene_synonym="HMG-1; HMG1; HMG3; SBP-1"
ORIGIN      
        1 aatgttacag agcggagaga gtgaggaggc tgcgtctggc tcccgctctc acagccattg
       61 cagtacattg agctccatag agacagcacc ggggcaagtg agagccggac gggcactggg
      121 cgactctgtg cctcgctgag gaaaaataac taaacatggg caaaggagat cctaagaagc
      181 cgagaggcaa aatgtcatca tatgcatttt ttgtgcaaac ttgtcgggag gagcataaga
      241 agaagcaccc agatgcttca gtcaacttct cagagttttc taagaagtgc tcagagaggt
      301 ggaagaccat gtctgctaaa gagaaaggaa aatttgaaga tatggcaaaa gcggacaagg
      361 cccgttatga aagagaaatg aaaacctata tccctcccaa aggggagaca aaaaagaagt
      421 tcaaggatcc caatgcaccc aagaggcctc cttcggcctt cttcctcttc tgctctgagt
      481 atcgcccaaa aatcaaagga gaacatcctg gcctgtccat tggtgatgtt gcgaagaaac
      541 tgggagagat gtggaataac actgctgcag atgacaagca gccttatgaa aagaaggctg
      601 cgaagctgaa ggaaaaatat gaaaaggata ttgctgcata tcgagctaaa ggaaagcctg
      661 atgcagcaaa aaagggagtt gtcaaggctg aaaaaagcaa gaaaaagaag gaagaggagg
      721 aagatgagga agatgaagag gatgaggagg aggaggaaga tgaagaagat gaagatgaag
      781 aagaagatga tgatgatgaa taagttggtt ctagcgcagt tttttttttc ttgtctataa
      841 agcatttaac ccccctgtac acaactcact ccttttaaag aaaaaaattg aaatgtaagg
      901 ctgtgtaaga tttgttttta aactgtacag tgtctttttt tgtatagtta acacactacc
      961 gaatgtgtct ttagatagcc ctgtcctggt ggtattttca atagccacta accttgcctg
     1021 gtacagtatg ggggttgtaa attggcatgg aaatttaaag caggttcttg ttggtgcaca
     1081 gcacaaatta gttatatatg gggatggtag ttttttcatc ttcagttgtc tctgatgcag
     1141 cttatacgaa ataattgttg ttctgttaac tgaataccac tctgtaattg caaaaaaaaa
     1201 aaaaaagttg cagctgtttt gttgacattc tgaatgcttc taagtaaata caattttttt
     1261 tattagtatt gttgtccttt tcataggtct gaaatttttc ttcttgaggg gaagctagtc
     1321 ttttgctttt gcccattttg aatcacatga attattacag tgtttatcct ttcatatagt
     1381 tagctaataa aaagcttttg tctacacacc ctgcatatca taatgggggt aaagttaagt
     1441 tgagatagtt ttcatccata actgaacatc caaaatcttg atcagttaag aaatttcaca
     1501 tagcccactt acatttacaa actgaagagt aatcaatcta ctcaaagcat gggattatta
     1561 gaatcaaaca ttttgaaagt ctgtccttga aggactaata gaaaagtatg ttctaacctt
     1621 tacatgagga ctctattctt taactcccat taccatgtaa tggcagttat attttgcagt
     1681 tcccacatta aagaagacct gagaatgtat ccccaaaagc gtgagcttaa aatacaagac
     1741 tgccatatta aattttttgt tgacattagt ctcagtgaag actatgaaaa tgctggctat
     1801 agatgtcttt tcccatttat ctaaatatgg actgctcagg aaacgagact ttccattaca
     1861 agtattttta attaattggg ccagcttttc aaacaaagat gccacattca aaatagggta
     1921 tattttccta tattacggtt tgccccttta taaatccaag tagataggaa gaaagaagac
     1981 aaactttgca tctcagtatg aattattcaa tttatttgaa tgatttttct ttacaaaaca
     2041 aactcattca ttagtcatgt ttatctgctt aggagtttag ggaacaattt ggcaattttg
     2101 tggttttcga gattatcgtt ttcttaaagt gccagtattt taaaatagcg ttcttgtaat
     2161 tttacacgct tttgtgatgg agtgctgttt tgttatataa tttagacttg gattctttcc
     2221 atttgcattt gtttatgtaa tttcaggagg aatactgaac atctgagtcc tggatgatac
     2281 taataaacta ataattgcag aggttttaaa tactagttaa atggctttca cttaagaact
     2341 taagattttg ttacatattt ttaaatcttg tttctaataa tacctcttag cagtaccttt
     2401 taaataagta taagggatgg caaagttttt ccctttaaaa atactcactt tatgcttata
     2461 aataggttaa tgggctgata aaaggttttg tcaaacattg caagtattcg gtgctatata
     2521 taaaggagga aaaactagtt ttactttcag aatgatttaa acaagatttt taaaaacaag
     2581 atacatgcaa gcgaacagca gggttagtga taggctgcaa ttgtgtcgaa catcagattt
     2641 tttgttaaga ggagcaaatg actcaatctg atttagatgg aagtttctac tgtatagaaa
     2701 tcaccattaa tcaccaacat taataattct gatccattta aaatgaattc tggctcaagg
     2761 agaatttgta actttagtag gtacgtcatg acaactacca tttttttaag atgttgagaa
     2821 tgggaacagt ttttttaggg tttattcttg accacagatc ttaagaaaat ggacaaaacc
     2881 cctcttcaat ctgaagatta gtatggtttg gtgttctaac agtatcccct agaagttgga
     2941 tgtctaaaac tcaagtaaat ggaagtggga ggcaatttag ataagtgtaa agccttgtaa
     3001 ctgaagatga ttttttttag aaagtgtata gaaactattt taatgccaag atagttacag
     3061 tgctgtgggg tttaaagact ttgttgacat caagaaaaga ctaaatctat aattaattgg
     3121 gccaactttt aaaatgaaga tgctttttaa aactaatgaa ctaagatgta taaatcttag
     3181 tttttttgta ttttaaagat aggcatatgg catattgatt aacgagtcaa atttcctaac
     3241 tttgctgtgc aaaggttgag agctattgct gattagttac cacagttctg atgatcgtcc
     3301 catcacagtg ttgttaatgt ttgctgtatt tattaatttt cttaaagtga aatctgaaaa
     3361 atgaaatttg tgtgtcctgt gtacccgagg ggtaatgatt aaatgataaa gataagaaaa
     3421 gcgcccatgt aacacaaact gccattcaac aggtatttcc cttactacct aaggaattgt
     3481 aaccattgct cagacattgt aggatttaac tatgttgaaa actacaggag aggccgggcg
     3541 cagtggctca cgcctgtaat cccagcactt tgggaggcca aggcgggcag atcacgaggt
     3601 caggagattg agaccatcct ggctaacgtg gtgaaacccc gcctctacta aaaatacaaa
     3661 aaattagcca agcgtggtgc tgggcgcctg tagtcccagt aactcaggag gctgaggcag
     3721 gagaatggcg tgaacccggg aggcggaggt tgcagtgagc cgagattgtg ccactgcact
     3781 ccagcctggg tgacagagca agactccatc tcaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaca caggagagac
     3841 aactggtttt tgaatgaaat acatgggtac tgccttgctt gacatcacat agtccttgat
     3901 gaaagttcac atttaggtct gcttggtaca atacgcctcc taaaaaggtc cttgatgaaa
     3961 gttcacattt aggtctgctt ggtacaacac gcctcctgaa agggtctgat agctttcagt
     4021 agcagtaaga cacttgcatg tgatggtaag gtatctgcaa atttgcacac accgtacaca
     4081 gcttaagtct tagaattaac ttgctaaaat gtgagccttt ggtaattagg ctgttttatt
     4141 agggagtgtg ataatatttg aatttctttt catatttgtg ctttgtgtca ttttcaaatg
     4201 acccttgaaa tgtattttaa aagtagataa aagccagaaa gtgatttgat tgtctatcca
     4261 gcaaaagatg gtggttcatt ttcttgtcct cttaatacca aggcagtgct aataacactt
     4321 gccacaactt gggaaattcc atgggtctat gccacattgc tcccagagta atgaggcaaa
     4381 atagtgctct gttatagaat tgcttgtttc acgatacatc atgacagata accatacaac
     4441 atggaatgac acaaacataa tatgccacac tccagaatat gtaatgctcg tcttccaggg
     4501 gggttcagtc taaggtaatc tctaccagga agaaatgcta gatgacttta gacatgtgca
     4561 ttggtttgga ccttctaatt agtggaattt ttacttattt tgacatgaga gattacatag
     4621 aatctctatg ttgcccaggt tggtctccaa atctgctcaa acaatcctcc cgcctcagtt
     4681 tctcaagtag ctgggattac agggacacac cactgtgctt agcttaaata gttgaattta
     4741 ttgggcatcc actgaaaaga aggaagtagg aataaaatct gcaatagtat gactaaacct
     4801 gtaagtgagc atgagcagtg gtgggcaagg gtatgcagac tctggaatcc agaaatagaa
     4861 agtcagtgga aagccaggca cagtggctca cacttataat cccagcactt tgggaggccg
     4921 aggtgggagg atcacttgag gccaggagtt tgacactagc ctgggcaaca tagtgaggcc
     4981 ttgtctacta gaaataaata attttgcaga tatactaaat accattttaa aaataagtgg
     5041 aaaagggatt agagagatcc ttgtaaatta tgtactcata ttcattgttc tctttagtca
     5101 cataattcag tcatgtacgt gacattccac agtatggtgc tccataatac atattttttc
     5161 ttttttcgat ctcacttgta tatgatccat aatatttttc atcattccct tactgatgga
     5221 catttagatt gtttcctatt ttttgctgtt taacagtact gcgctgaaca tctgtacatt
     5281 tctctcaggc atgtgtgggt cttcagatac ctcaaaagta gaactgctga gtcaaaagac
     5341 atttgcattt aacattttgg aagatgttga taaattgcac cccaccaccc cccccccccg
     5401 cccacaaaag ctgttattta tgctgtgaaa cattttaaca atgattttgc aattaa
//
