LOCUS       NM_005328               4240 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 24-SEP-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_005328 XM_938715
VERSION     NM_005328.3
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Liu,Z., Yu,K., Chen,K., Liu,J., Dai,K. and Zhao,P.
  TITLE     HAS2 facilitates glioma cell malignancy and suppresses ferroptosis
            in an FZD7-dependent manner
  JOURNAL   Cancer Sci 115 (8), 2602-2616 (2024)
   PUBMED   38816349
  REMARK    GeneRIF: HAS2 facilitates glioma cell malignancy and suppresses
            ferroptosis in an FZD7-dependent manner.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Wang,J., Ruan,S., Yu,T., Meng,X., Ran,J., Cen,C., Kong,C., Bao,X.,
            Li,Z., Wang,Y., Ren,M., Guo,P., Teng,Y. and Zhang,D.
  TITLE     Upregulation of HAS2 promotes glioma cell proliferation and
            chemoresistance via c-myc
  JOURNAL   Cell Signal 120, 111218 (2024)
   PUBMED   38734194
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Upregulation of HAS2 promotes glioma cell proliferation
            and chemoresistance via c-myc.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Faizal,A.M., Elias,M.H., Jin,N.M., Abu,M.A., Syafruddin,S.E.,
            Zainuddin,A.A., Suzuki,N. and Karim,A.K.A.
  TITLE     Unravelling the role of HAS2, GREM1, and PTGS2 gene expression in
            cumulus cells: implications for human oocyte development competency
            - a systematic review and integrated bioinformatic analysis
  JOURNAL   Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 15, 1274376 (2024)
   PUBMED   38524634
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Unravelling the role of HAS2, GREM1, and PTGS2 gene
            expression in cumulus cells: implications for human oocyte
            development competency - a systematic review and integrated
            bioinformatic analysis.
            Review article
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Liu,R., Ye,Z., Liu,Q., Xuan,M., Li,R., Zhang,L., Zhang,K., Fang,P.
            and Xue,Y.
  TITLE     MicroRNA-376b is involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated
            ophthalmopathy by regulating HAS2
  JOURNAL   Endocrine 82 (1), 87-95 (2023)
   PUBMED   37231239
  REMARK    GeneRIF: MicroRNA-376b is involved in the pathogenesis of
            thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy by regulating HAS2.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Yang,J., Wang,L., Zhang,Z., Sun,Q. and Zhang,Y.
  TITLE     Downregulation of HAS-2 regulates the chondrocyte cytoskeleton and
            induces cartilage degeneration by activating the RhoA/ROCK
            signaling pathway
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Med 52 (1) (2023)
   PUBMED   37232339
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Downregulation of HAS-2 regulates the chondrocyte
            cytoskeleton and induces cartilage degeneration by activating the
            RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Suzuki,K., Yamamoto,T., Usui,T., Suzuki,K., Heldin,P. and
            Yamashita,H.
  TITLE     Expression of hyaluronan synthase in intraocular proliferative
            diseases: regulation of expression in human vascular endothelial
            cells by transforming growth factor-beta
  JOURNAL   Jpn J Ophthalmol 47 (6), 557-564 (2003)
   PUBMED   14636845
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Expression of each hyaluronan synthase isoform is
            regulated differently by growth factors and cytokines in vascular
            endothelial cells. Expressed in proliferative membranes from
            proliferative vitreoretinal diseases. May affect progression of
            diseases.
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Simpson,M.A., Wilson,C.M., Furcht,L.T., Spicer,A.P., Oegema,T.R.
            Jr. and McCarthy,J.B.
  TITLE     Manipulation of hyaluronan synthase expression in prostate
            adenocarcinoma cells alters pericellular matrix retention and
            adhesion to bone marrow endothelial cells
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 277 (12), 10050-10057 (2002)
   PUBMED   11790779
  REMARK    GeneRIF: hyaluronan synthase expression in prostate adenocarcinoma
            cells
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Spicer,A.P. and Nguyen,T.K.
  TITLE     Mammalian hyaluronan synthases: investigation of functional
            relationships in vivo
  JOURNAL   Biochem Soc Trans 27 (2), 109-115 (1999)
   PUBMED   10093717
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Spicer,A.P., Seldin,M.F., Olsen,A.S., Brown,N., Wells,D.E.,
            Doggett,N.A., Itano,N., Kimata,K., Inazawa,J. and McDonald,J.A.
  TITLE     Chromosomal localization of the human and mouse hyaluronan synthase
            genes
  JOURNAL   Genomics 41 (3), 493-497 (1997)
   PUBMED   9169154
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 4240)
  AUTHORS   Watanabe,K. and Yamaguchi,Y.
  TITLE     Molecular identification of a putative human hyaluronan synthase
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 271 (38), 22945-22948 (1996)
   PUBMED   8798477
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AC104233.2, U54804.1 and
            AC022909.13.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_005328.2.
            
            Summary:  Hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular
            weight unbranched polysaccharide synthesized by a wide variety of
            organisms from bacteria to mammals, and is a constituent of the
            extracellular matrix.  It consists of alternating glucuronic acid
            and N-acetylglucosamine residues that are linked by beta-1-3 and
            beta-1-4 glycosidic bonds.  HA is synthesized by membrane-bound
            synthase at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, and the
            chains are extruded through pore-like structures into the
            extracellular space.  It serves a variety of functions, including
            space filling, lubrication of joints, and provision of a matrix
            through which cells can migrate.  HA is actively produced during
            wound healing and tissue repair to provide a framework for ingrowth
            of blood vessels and fibroblasts.  Changes in the serum
            concentration of HA are associated with inflammatory and
            degenerative arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis.  In
            addition, the interaction of HA with the leukocyte receptor CD44 is
            important in tissue-specific homing by leukocytes, and
            overexpression of HA receptors has been correlated with tumor
            metastasis.  HAS2 is a member of the newly identified vertebrate
            gene family encoding putative hyaluronan synthases, and its amino
            acid sequence shows significant homology to glycosaminoglycan
            synthetase (DG42) from Xenopus laevis, and human and murine
            hyaluronan synthase 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
            
            Sequence Note: This RefSeq record was created from transcript and
            genomic sequence data because transcript sequence consistent with
            the reference genome assembly was not available for all regions of
            the RefSeq transcript. The extent of this transcript is supported
            by transcript alignments.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: AK297724.1, SRR1803614.257799.1
                                           [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMN03267750 [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000303924.5/ ENSP00000306991.4
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on single protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-50                AC104233.2         81996-82045         c
            51-209              U54804.1           2-160
            210-282             AC104233.2         81764-81836         c
            283-1616            U54804.1           230-1563
            1617-3325           AC022909.13        4915-6623
            3326-4240           AC022909.13        6624-7538
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..4240
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="8"
                     /map="8q24.13"
     gene            1..4240
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /note="hyaluronan synthase 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:3037"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4819"
                     /db_xref="MIM:601636"
     exon            1..588
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             589..2247
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /EC_number="2.4.1.212"
                     /note="hyaluronate synthase 2; hyaluronic acid synthase 2;
                     HA synthase 2"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="hyaluronan synthase 2"
                     /protein_id="NP_005319.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS6335.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:3037"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4819"
                     /db_xref="MIM:601636"
                     /translation="MHCERFLCILRIIGTTLFGVSLLLGITAAYIVGYQFIQTDNYYF
                     SFGLYGAFLASHLIIQSLFAFLEHRKMKKSLETPIKLNKTVALCIAAYQEDPDYLRKC
                     LQSVKRLTYPGIKVVMVIDGNSEDDLYMMDIFSEVMGRDKSATYIWKNNFHEKGPGET
                     DESHKESSQHVTQLVLSNKSICIMQKWGGKREVMYTAFRALGRSVDYVQVCDSDTMLD
                     PASSVEMVKVLEEDPMVGGVGGDVQILNKYDSWISFLSSVRYWMAFNIERACQSYFGC
                     VQCISGPLGMYRNSLLHEFVEDWYNQEFMGNQCSFGDDRHLTNRVLSLGYATKYTARS
                     KCLTETPIEYLRWLNQQTRWSKSYFREWLYNAMWFHKHHLWMTYEAIITGFFPFFLIA
                     TVIQLFYRGKIWNILLFLLTVQLVGLIKSSFASCLRGNIVMVFMSLYSVLYMSSLLPA
                     KMFAIATINKAGWGTSGRKTIVVNFIGLIPVSVWFTILLGGVIFTIYKESKRPFSESK
                     QTVLIVGTLLYACYWVMLLTLYVVLINKCGRRKKGQQYDMVLDV"
     exon            589..1215
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1216..1317
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1318..4240
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      2931..2936
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      2963
                     /gene="HAS2"
     regulatory      4220..4225
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      4240
                     /gene="HAS2"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 agaccccctt aagttggagg aggcagaagg gcaacaacgg cggggaagga gaagtcaaga
       61 cgtctggaaa gaattaccca gtcctggctt cgagcagccc attgaaccag agacttgaaa
      121 cagccccagc caaagacttt tctcccaatt ctgcgcttcc tgggttctgc tgagtcttcc
      181 acaggctttt tttttttttt tttttttttt taagacgaaa aagagatttt ctgttatcgg
      241 gggcagaaag actgaagccc aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aagaaaagaa aagaaaaaag
      301 aaaagttaat ttatttttaa agcataattt ttttaagaat tagactgaag tgcaacggaa
      361 acataaagag aatattagtg aaattatttt ttaaagtggg gaagaatcaa acatttaaga
      421 ctcccctatc ctttttaaat gttgttttta aatttcttat tttttttggc cggtcgtctc
      481 aaattcatct gatctcttat tacctcaatt ttggaaactg cccgccaccg accctccggg
      541 accacacaga caggctgagg acgactttat gaccaagagc tgaacaagat gcattgtgag
      601 aggtttctat gtatcctgag aataattgga accacactct ttggagtctc tctcctcctt
      661 ggaatcacag ctgcttatat tgttggctac cagtttatcc aaacggataa ttactatttc
      721 tcttttggac tgtatggtgc ctttttggca tcacacctca tcatccaaag cctgtttgcc
      781 tttttggagc accgaaaaat gaaaaaatcc ctagaaaccc ccataaagtt gaacaaaaca
      841 gttgcccttt gcatcgctgc ctatcaagaa gatccagact acttaaggaa atgtttgcaa
      901 tctgtgaaaa ggctaaccta ccctgggatt aaagttgtca tggtcataga tgggaactca
      961 gaagatgacc tttacatgat ggacatcttc agtgaagtca tgggcagaga caaatcagcc
     1021 acttatatct ggaagaacaa cttccacgaa aagggtcccg gtgagacaga tgagtcacat
     1081 aaagaaagct cgcaacacgt aacgcaattg gtcttgtcca acaaaagtat ctgcatcatg
     1141 caaaaatggg gtggaaaaag agaagtcatg tacacagcct tcagagcact gggacgaagt
     1201 gtggattatg tacaggtttg tgattcagac actatgcttg acccagcctc atctgtggag
     1261 atggtaaaag ttttagaaga agatcccatg gttggaggtg ttgggggaga tgtccagatt
     1321 ttaaacaagt acgattcctg gatctcattc ctcagcagtg taagatattg gatggctttt
     1381 aatatagaaa gggcctgtca gtcttatttt gggtgtgttc agtgcattag tggacctctg
     1441 ggaatgtaca gaaactcctt gttgcatgag tttgtggaag attggtacaa tcaagaattt
     1501 atgggcaacc aatgtagctt tggtgatgac aggcatctca cgaaccgggt gctgagcctg
     1561 ggctatgcaa caaaatacac agctcgatct aagtgcctta ctgaaacacc tatagaatat
     1621 ctcagatggc taaaccagca gacccgttgg agcaagtcct acttccgaga atggctgtac
     1681 aatgcaatgt ggtttcacaa acatcacttg tggatgacct acgaagcgat tatcactgga
     1741 ttctttcctt tctttctcat tgccacagta atccagctct tctaccgggg taaaatttgg
     1801 aacattctcc tcttcttgtt aactgtccag ctagtaggtc tcataaaatc atcttttgcc
     1861 agctgcctta gaggaaatat cgtcatggtc ttcatgtctc tctactcagt gttatacatg
     1921 tcgagtttac ttcccgccaa gatgtttgca attgcaacaa taaacaaagc tgggtggggc
     1981 acatcaggaa ggaaaaccat tgttgttaat ttcataggac tcattccagt atcagtttgg
     2041 tttacaatcc tcctgggtgg tgtgattttc accatttata aggagtctaa aaggccattt
     2101 tcagaatcca aacagacagt tctaattgtt ggaacgttgc tctatgcatg ctattgggtc
     2161 atgcttttga cgctgtatgt agttctcatc aataagtgtg gcaggcggaa gaagggacaa
     2221 caatatgaca tggtgcttga tgtatgatct tccatgtttt gacgtttgca gtcacacaca
     2281 acaccttagt tcctctaggg gctgtacagt attgtggcat cagataatgc caccaaagga
     2341 gacatatcac tgctgctggg acttgaacaa agacatttat atgggtttat tttcattctg
     2401 ccaaagtaaa acaatacatc aacaagaaga aactcagatt taacctgtta tttctatgaa
     2461 aatgggatga attctttgtt tatgcacttt ttccttactg tgcatccgcc tgaaagtgtt
     2521 ttgccctata tacctcacta gccatgcttt atgtgggtta tcatggaaga aaaggatttt
     2581 ggaaactcaa ggaaaagttc tttcaaccta tacaacctaa cttatggact gttttgatag
     2641 atgataattt ttttttttta ggaaggattt tctttttaac tttaccaaat gaaatgccaa
     2701 aggaagtttt aaaggccgtt ggctgtgctg tattttgata taattgtact gtgtttttaa
     2761 attttgtatg ccaatcttaa agacaaattt tgcatattct ctattttact tttctgccaa
     2821 aataaacctg ttcttccttt tttaaaataa aataagttct taaaaaattt atacttaaaa
     2881 aatcctgccc aaaatgtgaa gcttggttga ctgatgttca tgatagaaag aataaaatgt
     2941 ttctctctct ctacctttta aaattgaata gtttatttct gtgaaagaag tatttaaact
     3001 ttcaatattt taactttttg tttttatttc ttttagaaaa ggccaatata cctatcacac
     3061 tttggaagta aaaatacaca ctttcgtgtg tacctaaaaa aaaaatcgtt gaaaatcaag
     3121 gccaaaggta gtgcaatttt ttcattaaga tttaaaaaaa agggaatgat agtctttgaa
     3181 agaaaacagt aggcatccag cactggacaa aacatgggta tcaaagatga ataatctttg
     3241 gagattctgg cagtgttttc ccagaacaag tcaagtggaa agtggagaaa ttatctgtat
     3301 aattttggac acatacaatg cagtttatca aaggttttgt tctgtggcct gaatttactg
     3361 ggtcctacct acacattgaa catgttttgc ctgtcttttt tttttttttc aacttgccag
     3421 ttcactttac atgttagtat aatgtttaca cgggtgagtt ggataaatta taaaacatat
     3481 aaattcaaaa ttggcagata gaatcaccaa gtatctatcc tcttttactt tcaaatgagg
     3541 aattttgttt ttctgaatta cacagatcat cacttcctat ttcctgttct ggacctgtat
     3601 aaaaatgtct acacagtaga agtgacatca aggtttaata agtatatcaa tgattggcac
     3661 atataaaaat tgttgaacca catactctga acttggctaa tttagttact gcaaggcctc
     3721 cattatccag ttttattttt tacacgattg accttgcctt gtagctggtg ctgtgtagac
     3781 ctgtgttgaa aacacaatcg gaatatatga ataattgaat aaacagcatt atggtgaggc
     3841 agagacacat ggagaagtgt taaaaaaaaa atgggcttcc tgcctttctg cctctttttt
     3901 atgcagtcat ctatgttaca tctatcctgc ctaagaaaaa gctgcacatc ctaccttcag
     3961 agtacaaaaa ggtacatctg agactcaaga ctctcactga ttggagagct tgtggaaaac
     4021 aaaacacacc atgccaataa atgagatgaa aacttgagtt tgccttttta actatttatg
     4081 ttctaagtta agctttgata acattcaaat gtcaaattct ctcattctta taaaaagttg
     4141 aattaattgc ctgtatttat tttagcaatt attcaatgta tttccagtat aggatgtata
     4201 gtataattaa ttttttgtaa ataaaatatt tttgataaga
//
