LOCUS       NM_022469               4176 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 04-APR-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens gremlin 2, DAN family BMP antagonist (GREM2), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_022469
VERSION     NM_022469.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,Z. and Zhu,X.
  TITLE     MiR-103a-3p Contributes to the Progression of Colorectal Cancer by
            Regulating GREM2 Expression
  JOURNAL   Yonsei Med J 63 (6), 520-529 (2022)
   PUBMED   35619575
  REMARK    GeneRIF: MiR-103a-3p Contributes to the Progression of Colorectal
            Cancer by Regulating GREM2 Expression.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Liu,W., Li,D., Yang,M., Wang,L., Xu,Y., Chen,N., Zhang,Z., Shi,J.,
            Li,W., Zhao,S., Gao,A., Chen,Y., Ma,Q., Zheng,R., Wu,S., Zhang,Y.,
            Chen,Y., Qian,S., Bi,Y., Gu,W., Tang,Q., Ning,G., Liu,R., Wang,W.,
            Hong,J. and Wang,J.
  TITLE     GREM2 is associated with human central obesity and inhibits
            visceral preadipocyte browning
  JOURNAL   EBioMedicine 78, 103969 (2022)
   PUBMED   35349825
  REMARK    GeneRIF: GREM2 is associated with human central obesity and
            inhibits visceral preadipocyte browning.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Williams,M., Zeng,Y., Chiquet,B., Jacob,H., Kurtis Kasper,F.,
            Harrington,D.A., English,J., Akyalcin,S. and Letra,A.
  TITLE     Functional characterization of ATF1, GREM2 AND WNT10B variants
            associated with tooth agenesis
  JOURNAL   Orthod Craniofac Res 24 (4), 486-493 (2021)
   PUBMED   33369218
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Functional characterization of ATF1, GREM2 AND WNT10B
            variants associated with tooth agenesis.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Shan,G., Gu,J., Zhou,D., Li,L., Cheng,W., Wang,Y., Tang,T. and
            Wang,X.
  TITLE     Cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted exosomal miR-423-5p promotes
            chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer by targeting GREM2
            through the TGF-beta signaling pathway
  JOURNAL   Exp Mol Med 52 (11), 1809-1822 (2020)
   PUBMED   33144675
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted exosomal miR-423-5p
            promotes chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer by targeting
            GREM2 through the TGF-beta signaling pathway.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Feng,Y., Zhu,L., Gu,Y., Wang,L.J., Niu,B.J., Cai,F. and Chen,L.
  TITLE     Association of Gremlin-2 gene polymorphisms with osteoporosis risk
            in Chinese postmenopausal women
  JOURNAL   Biosci Rep 40 (4) (2020)
   PUBMED   32297643
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Association of Gremlin-2 gene polymorphisms with
            osteoporosis risk in Chinese postmenopausal women.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Gazzerro,E. and Canalis,E.
  TITLE     Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists
  JOURNAL   Rev Endocr Metab Disord 7 (1-2), 51-65 (2006)
   PUBMED   17029022
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Chen,D., Zhao,M. and Mundy,G.R.
  TITLE     Bone morphogenetic proteins
  JOURNAL   Growth Factors 22 (4), 233-241 (2004)
   PUBMED   15621726
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Katoh,M. and Katoh,M.
  TITLE     Identification and characterization of human CKTSF1B2 and CKTSF1B3
            genes in silico
  JOURNAL   Oncol Rep 12 (2), 423-427 (2004)
   PUBMED   15254711
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Sudo,S., Avsian-Kretchmer,O., Wang,L.S. and Hsueh,A.J.
  TITLE     Protein related to DAN and cerberus is a bone morphogenetic protein
            antagonist that participates in ovarian paracrine regulation
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 279 (22), 23134-23141 (2004)
   PUBMED   15039429
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 4176)
  AUTHORS   Avsian-Kretchmer,O. and Hsueh,A.J.
  TITLE     Comparative genomic analysis of the eight-membered ring cystine
            knot-containing bone morphogenetic protein antagonists
  JOURNAL   Mol Endocrinol 18 (1), 1-12 (2004)
   PUBMED   14525956
  REMARK    Review article
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AL358176.22, AK024848.1 and
            BQ005641.1.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_022469.3.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a member of the BMP (bone morphogenic
            protein) antagonist family. Like BMPs, BMP antagonists contain
            cystine knots and typically form homo- and heterodimers. The CAN
            (cerberus and dan) subfamily of BMP antagonists, to which this gene
            belongs, is characterized by a C-terminal cystine knot with an
            eight-membered ring. The antagonistic effect of the secreted
            glycosylated protein encoded by this gene is likely due to its
            direct binding to BMP proteins. As an antagonist of BMP, this gene
            may play a role in regulating organogenesis, body patterning, and
            tissue differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BC046632.1, SRR14038194.1304091.1
                                           [ECO:0000332]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000318160.5/ ENSP00000318650.4
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-6                 AL358176.22        136255-136260       c
            7-1718              AK024848.1         1-1712
            1719-3621           AL358176.22        14233-16135         c
            3622-4176           BQ005641.1         17-571              c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..4176
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="1"
                     /map="1q43"
     gene            1..4176
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /note="gremlin 2, DAN family BMP antagonist"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:64388"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:17655"
                     /db_xref="MIM:608832"
     exon            1..272
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            273..4176
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             274..780
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /note="protein related to DAN and cerberus; cysteine knot
                     superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 2; gremlin-2; DAN domain
                     family member 3; gremlin 2, cysteine knot superfamily,
                     homolog"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="gremlin-2 precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_071914.3"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS31070.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:64388"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:17655"
                     /db_xref="MIM:608832"
                     /translation="MFWKLSLSLFLVAVLVKVAEARKNRPAGAIPSPYKDGSSNNSER
                     WQHQIKEVLASSQEALVVTERKYLKSDWCKTQPLRQTVSEEGCRSRTILNRFCYGQCN
                     SFYIPRHVKKEEESFQSCAFCKPQRVTSVLVELECPGLDPPFRLKKIQKVKQCRCMSV
                     NLSDSDKQ"
     regulatory      3232..3237
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      3259
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      4094..4099
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /note="hexamer: AATGAA"
     polyA_site      4132
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
     regulatory      4140..4145
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      4176
                     /gene="GREM2"
                     /gene_synonym="CKTSF1B2; DAND3; PRDC; STHAG9"
ORIGIN      
        1 agagctaagt ctccgggctc ctttcacatc tgcaggagca gccagcctgg gaccgcgcgg
       61 cgcggggcgc gctctcgcct ctcctgcacc ctcagccggc gcgcttctct tatgggcgtc
      121 tgctgcagtc tggctgcggt cgaactgaaa gcggcggcgg gagaccaaac ttagaccccg
      181 ctgtggacta gagaactcag agaaggcaga gggagaggga gagagagaga gagaagggac
      241 ccgaggagga ggcttccatc acgtcattgc aggatgttct ggaagctttc cctgtccttg
      301 ttcctggtgg cggtgctggt gaaggtggcg gaagcccgga agaaccggcc ggcgggcgcc
      361 atcccctcgc cttacaagga cggcagcagc aacaactcgg agagatggca gcaccagatc
      421 aaggaggtgc tggcctccag ccaggaggcc ctggtggtca ccgagcgcaa gtacctcaag
      481 agtgactggt gcaagacgca gccgctgcgg cagacggtga gcgaggaggg ctgccggagc
      541 cgcaccatcc tcaaccgctt ctgctacggc cagtgcaact ccttctacat cccgcggcac
      601 gtgaagaagg aggaggagtc cttccagtcc tgcgccttct gcaagcccca gcgcgtcacc
      661 tccgtcctcg tggagctcga gtgccccggc ctggacccac ccttccgact caagaaaatc
      721 cagaaggtga agcagtgccg gtgcatgtcc gtgaacctga gcgactcgga caagcagtga
      781 gcgccgggcc ggacgcagct cagccccgcg cgcgcccggc cgctgggtgg cgccgccgcc
      841 gcctctgtcc ctgccctccg agcccactgt cacgctgcct ggtgttcccc ctcagcagca
      901 agcacttctc ttagggctga cggtgtcctt gtcacagacg tggatcgcaa gtggagcttt
      961 tgctgatgtg ttcctgaccg accccgggtc ccacctgtgc cccctaaacc aggcggtgga
     1021 tcaggcccga aggaaaatgc tggaaaacca ccaccgccac ccagcagtca gagaggacct
     1081 ttcgaggtga tgcactgtaa atccggcatt gatgtttcca ccatgtggaa aagcaaggat
     1141 ttccctggcc ccgccctgca ctccagctcg cccctttccc gcgcgaagtg aaggatgcgt
     1201 cacttttctg agcggcccct cagacctctc ctgctggtcc ctggacctct ggctgggagc
     1261 gctcattctt gtgactggca ggctgccctc ggtcgctgct gtgatgagga tatgtgcaac
     1321 ctccataaat atgtcggtgg acggggcgtc tcctaataaa cctgatacca agaagacaac
     1381 ttgagccact tggatcccga agtgggcttc ccgggaaacc tcgagcagag caggctacac
     1441 aatcccccat cctcaagtcc ccaccgcctc ttcttcctca ctgtccccgc cccctatttg
     1501 tggactaaag atgaactctg gtgtgcatgc tattattgct gcaattagaa tattatcaca
     1561 cacaaaggtc tctatattaa cgctggtttt ataagtgacc gtatattgta aagagctgtt
     1621 aaaaagtatt atagacctat tcatgtatta tttcacatgt tttgactctg gcttgcagca
     1681 ccattcggag taaggatgac agcaggccca gaaggtgtct tactcagaaa aaaaaatgcc
     1741 tggtcagcaa ttcactgtca tgcacctatt tttagattgg gcagggagat gggaggagtc
     1801 gtgattttta ctttgaatac tatttcactg acgttactaa gcattgcagc acaatgtaga
     1861 aattggcttg ggatggatag gtatagggaa gggcattcgt tgggaaattg atgaccggaa
     1921 actagaaagc ccctataatg tggaatatgc atatgtgggg tgaaaccgta tactactttc
     1981 actgccatga cactaggcaa aaaatatttc ctgttaaaag aaagagaaaa agagagggat
     2041 attgaaaaat ataaggagtt gagtcgcttt gtggtataga agggagtaag gaataaaaga
     2101 tatagaatag taatctagtt gaactgttct gcacaaaaca tgcttccttt tcaaagaata
     2161 gacttcaaaa gggacgaaca aacattaggt caccttttgt gtttataatg aattgttgac
     2221 gtttccatgc tgtggtctct tgatatacgg aagtagacgt aacttatttt ccagcgaaat
     2281 tatatacttc ttctgggctc ctttgctcag ttgccccagg aaggcttccc tgtgagtaat
     2341 gcttatggaa tctgacaaat gtgaatgagc tgccattggt gggaatcagt aaactttgaa
     2401 aacctttcac tgatgattcc ctggtaagtg ctcctgtgag gggccacttc cctagtatgt
     2461 gagagagacc ctctgcaagc cgctgtgggg acttagcttc ctgatactag gtagtgatgg
     2521 tggatctaga gacattcact tgaagagcaa ggattggggt ggggtgggtt ggtgaatcta
     2581 tctcaggcca ctgcactgca aggtgcattt ctgtcatttc tgcaacacca tgagacctga
     2641 gcaagaatgt gctgtggcag agggggtctt ggtttcataa atgggtatat acagcctgaa
     2701 ctcaggaggc agaaatcaaa agaaatcctt gagggctgga acctgaggat agagcgaaaa
     2761 tggagagaag ggtgttcaag gtcaggagtg atttttgcat ttggtggaaa acctcaagtc
     2821 agactcagtg gcagaacatg cagcagaaaa gctgtgaagg aaggaaattt acgtgattgt
     2881 aatggaggct aggggtggat tgggaggtga gtggaggaga gtctctgacc agctgcagag
     2941 ccaaccccta tcattttatt aacatggaac ccacacagat aggggaggga ttaagctaag
     3001 aacttacaga atgcaaacac gagcacactc tcttcgaacc caattgtggg tgtagcaatg
     3061 aaagcaatat gatatgctgc agtgtgaagc tccttctggg gttatcgtat gtacaaagtt
     3121 taccttataa tggctcaaat tgtatttaat ttttttgttt tgtttataaa tgaagaaaag
     3181 ctataagtat aatgtaatta ttttataggt atactattaa attatagaac aaataaagat
     3241 aatctaggat tatatgtgat cccggtgtga cgtgccataa aagtggaatt tttgacttgt
     3301 tgcagtgagc tgtgaagcag cactatgcgt tcagagagtt tttgttcaac catggtgagt
     3361 tcaacctcta gcttatgtca catgatctcc tttggggtct ggaatcttct aagagaaata
     3421 gaatcaggca tccaaggagc agaagtgatg gaggtggccc tcaatcctgg tctttggaag
     3481 cttccaagcc tcttccacat cccctgccag ctgaagacag agtattctca ctgtgctggc
     3541 tgaaggagaa acactaaaca aggaaacctt gagaaactgc agcaatggaa gtccactgtt
     3601 agtctctccg ttagcaccag ggacacactt gttctgagtt ttgttcattt tcacatttac
     3661 tcctcatgag ttccaacatt tcttaattta aatatttctt agtttatagc atctccattt
     3721 ttctattaat tgacttaatc tgccatttaa gaaaactccg taatcaataa aaaataaaat
     3781 ccacaatcaa actgcacatg gttgatccac tgtgtaggct tcaaaggaat taaactcaac
     3841 ttcctaggaa ataattcatc ttagtttatt aaatgggaca gaatatttca ctgctaacgt
     3901 attctaactc acttgttttt gaaattggcc agatgatttt taagttataa agtcaatgaa
     3961 aatgactttt gctattgtgt gaacaactta gaatgtatat attcccagaa ggcttattta
     4021 atgattgacc tatcaccact gattattaat gtctgcatga atgataacaa taagaccaag
     4081 tcatcaataa tgcaatgaaa attttttaag tgaaagcaag tttattaaga aagtaaagga
     4141 ataaagaatg cctacttcat aggcagagca gcctaa
//
