LOCUS       NM_178331                404 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 12-FEB-2025
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens gonadotropin releasing hormone 2 (GNRH2), transcript
            variant 3, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_178331
VERSION     NM_178331.2
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Desaulniers,A.T. and White,B.R.
  TITLE     Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 and its receptor in human
            reproductive cancers
  JOURNAL   Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14, 1341162 (2024)
   PUBMED   38260130
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 and its receptor
            in human reproductive cancers.
            Review article
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Wu,H.M., Chen,L.H., Huang,H.Y., Wang,H.S. and Tsai,C.L.
  TITLE     EGF-Enhanced GnRH-II Regulation in Decidual Stromal Cell Motility
            through Twist and N-Cadherin Signaling
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 24 (20), 15271 (2023)
   PUBMED   37894950
  REMARK    GeneRIF: EGF-Enhanced GnRH-II Regulation in Decidual Stromal Cell
            Motility through Twist and N-Cadherin Signaling.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Peacey,L., Peacey,C., Gutzinger,A. and Jones,C.E.
  TITLE     Copper(II) Binding by the Earliest Vertebrate
            Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, the Type II Isoform, Suggests an
            Ancient Role for the Metal
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 21 (21), 7900 (2020)
   PUBMED   33114333
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Copper(II) Binding by the Earliest Vertebrate
            Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, the Type II Isoform, Suggests an
            Ancient Role for the Metal.
            Erratum:[Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 26;22(7):3431. doi:
            10.3390/ijms22073431.. PMID: 33810627]
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Feng,W., Wang,Z., Feng,D., Zhu,Y., Zhang,K. and Huang,W.
  TITLE     The effects of common variants in MDM2 and GNRH2 genes on the risk
            and survival of osteosarcoma in Han populations from Northwest
            China
  JOURNAL   Sci Rep 10 (1), 15939 (2020)
   PUBMED   32994424
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The effects of common variants in MDM2 and GNRH2 genes on
            the risk and survival of osteosarcoma in Han populations from
            Northwest China.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Shiota,M., Fujimoto,N., Takeuchi,A., Kashiwagi,E., Dejima,T.,
            Inokuchi,J., Tatsugami,K., Yokomizo,A., Kajioka,S., Uchiumi,T. and
            Eto,M.
  TITLE     The Association of Polymorphisms in the Gene Encoding
            Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone with Serum Testosterone Level during
            Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Prognosis of Metastatic Prostate
            Cancer
  JOURNAL   J Urol 199 (3), 734-740 (2018)
   PUBMED   28941922
  REMARK    GeneRIF: rs6051545 (GNRH2) genetic variation may result in
            inadequate suppression of serum testosterone during androgen
            deprivation therapy. This may lead to detrimental effects of
            androgen deprivation therapy on prognosis in men with metastatic
            prostate cancer.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Grundker,C., Gunthert,A.R., Millar,R.P. and Emons,G.
  TITLE     Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone II (GnRH-II) receptor
            in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells and effects of
            GnRH-II on tumor cell proliferation
  JOURNAL   J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (3), 1427-1430 (2002)
   PUBMED   11889221
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Neill,J.D.
  TITLE     GnRH and GnRH receptor genes in the human genome
  JOURNAL   Endocrinology 143 (3), 737-743 (2002)
   PUBMED   11861490
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Chen,A., Laskar-Levy,O., Ben-Aroya,N. and Koch,Y.
  TITLE     Transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene is mediated by
            a putative cAMP response element
  JOURNAL   Endocrinology 142 (8), 3483-3492 (2001)
   PUBMED   11459794
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   White,R.B., Eisen,J.A., Kasten,T.L. and Fernald,R.D.
  TITLE     Second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1), 305-309 (1998)
   PUBMED   9419371
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 404)
  AUTHORS   Bloch,B., Gaillard,R.C., Culler,M.D. and Negro-Vilar,A.
  TITLE     Immunohistochemical detection of proluteinizing hormone-releasing
            hormone peptides in neurons in the human hypothalamus
  JOURNAL   J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74 (1), 135-138 (1992)
   PUBMED   1727812
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AF036330.1, BC115399.1 and
            AL121905.23.
            
            On Jun 2, 2019 this sequence version replaced NM_178331.1.
            
            Summary: This gene is a member of the gonadotropin-releasing
            hormone (GnRH) gene family. Proteins encoded by members of this
            gene family are proteolytically cleaved to form neuropeptides
            which, in part, regulate reproductive functions by stimulating the
            production and release of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating
            hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The human GNRH2 gene is
            predicted to encode a preproprotein from which a mature
            neuropeptide of 10 amino acids is cleaved. However, while the human
            genome retains the sequence for a functional GNRH2 decapeptide,
            translation of the human GNRH2 gene has not yet been demonstrated
            and the GNRH2 gene of chimpanzees, gorilla, and Sumatran orangutan
            have a premature stop at codon eight of the decapeptide sequence
            which suggests GNRH2 was a pseudogene in the hominid lineage. The
            GNRH2 gene is also believed to be a pseudogene in many other
            mammalian species such as mouse and cow. The receptor for this gene
            (GNRHR2) is predicted to be a pseudogene in human as well as many
            other mammalian species. The closely related GNRH1 and GNRHR1 genes
            are functional in human and other mammals and are generally
            functional in vertebrates. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2019].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses an alternate in-frame
            splice site compared to variant 1, resulting in a shorter isoform
            (c) compared to isoform a.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BC115399.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA2145245, SAMEA2154405
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000359100.6/ ENSP00000352003.2
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on expression
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-205               AF036330.1         1-205
            206-402             BC115399.1         205-401
            403-404             AL121905.23        123167-123168
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..404
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="20"
                     /map="20p13"
     gene            1..404
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /note="gonadotropin releasing hormone 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:2797"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4420"
                     /db_xref="MIM:602352"
     exon            1..44
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            45..205
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             52..393
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /note="isoform c preproprotein is encoded by transcript
                     variant 3; progonadoliberin II; luteinizing
                     hormone-releasing hormone II; luliberin II;
                     progonadoliberin-2; Gonadoliberin II; GnRH-associated
                     peptide II; GnRH-associated peptide 2; Gonadoliberin-2"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="progonadoliberin-2 isoform c preproprotein"
                     /protein_id="NP_847901.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS13041.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:2797"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4420"
                     /db_xref="MIM:602352"
                     /translation="MASSRRGLLLLLLLTAHLGPSEAQHWSHGWYPGGKRALSSAQDP
                     QNALRPPAGSPVQTAHGLPSDALAPLDDSMPWEGRTTAQWSLHRKRHLARTLLTAARE
                     PRPAPPSSNKV"
     exon            206..342
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            343..404
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      382..387
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      404
                     /gene="GNRH2"
                     /gene_synonym="GnRH-II; LH-RHII"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 ctgcagctgc ctgaaggagc catctcatcc acagctcttc cttgagcagc catggccagc
       61 tccaggcgag gcctcctgct cctgctgctg ctgactgccc accttggacc ctcagaggct
      121 cagcactggt cccatggctg gtaccctgga ggaaagcgag ccctcagctc agcccaggat
      181 ccccagaatg cccttaggcc cccagcaggc agcccagtcc agactgccca tggcctccca
      241 agtgatgccc tggctcccct ggacgacagc atgccctggg agggcaggac cacggcccag
      301 tggtcccttc acaggaagcg acacctggca cggacactgc tgaccgcagc ccgagagccc
      361 cgccccgccc cgccatcctc caataaagtg tgaggttctc cgaa
//
