LOCUS       NM_197962                682 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 21-SEP-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2), transcript variant 2, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_197962 NM_001319291
VERSION     NM_197962.3
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Brzozowa-Zasada,M., Piecuch,A., Bajdak-Rusinek,K., Golabek,K.,
            Michalski,M., Janelt,K. and Matysiak,N.
  TITLE     Glutaredoxin 2 Protein (Grx2) as an Independent Prognostic Factor
            Associated with the Survival of Colon Adenocarcinoma Patients
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 25 (2), 1060 (2024)
   PUBMED   38256132
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Glutaredoxin 2 Protein (Grx2) as an Independent Prognostic
            Factor Associated with the Survival of Colon Adenocarcinoma
            Patients.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Morgenstern,M., Peikert,C.D., Lubbert,P., Suppanz,I., Klemm,C.,
            Alka,O., Steiert,C., Naumenko,N., Schendzielorz,A., Melchionda,L.,
            Muhlhauser,W.W.D., Knapp,B., Busch,J.D., Stiller,S.B.,
            Dannenmaier,S., Lindau,C., Licheva,M., Eickhorst,C., Galbusera,R.,
            Zerbes,R.M., Ryan,M.T., Kraft,C., Kozjak-Pavlovic,V., Drepper,F.,
            Dennerlein,S., Oeljeklaus,S., Pfanner,N., Wiedemann,N. and
            Warscheid,B.
  TITLE     Quantitative high-confidence human mitochondrial proteome and its
            dynamics in cellular context
  JOURNAL   Cell Metab 33 (12), 2464-2483 (2021)
   PUBMED   34800366
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Luck,K., Kim,D.K., Lambourne,L., Spirohn,K., Begg,B.E., Bian,W.,
            Brignall,R., Cafarelli,T., Campos-Laborie,F.J., Charloteaux,B.,
            Choi,D., Cote,A.G., Daley,M., Deimling,S., Desbuleux,A., Dricot,A.,
            Gebbia,M., Hardy,M.F., Kishore,N., Knapp,J.J., Kovacs,I.A.,
            Lemmens,I., Mee,M.W., Mellor,J.C., Pollis,C., Pons,C.,
            Richardson,A.D., Schlabach,S., Teeking,B., Yadav,A., Babor,M.,
            Balcha,D., Basha,O., Bowman-Colin,C., Chin,S.F., Choi,S.G.,
            Colabella,C., Coppin,G., D'Amata,C., De Ridder,D., De Rouck,S.,
            Duran-Frigola,M., Ennajdaoui,H., Goebels,F., Goehring,L., Gopal,A.,
            Haddad,G., Hatchi,E., Helmy,M., Jacob,Y., Kassa,Y., Landini,S.,
            Li,R., van Lieshout,N., MacWilliams,A., Markey,D., Paulson,J.N.,
            Rangarajan,S., Rasla,J., Rayhan,A., Rolland,T., San-Miguel,A.,
            Shen,Y., Sheykhkarimli,D., Sheynkman,G.M., Simonovsky,E., Tasan,M.,
            Tejeda,A., Tropepe,V., Twizere,J.C., Wang,Y., Weatheritt,R.J.,
            Weile,J., Xia,Y., Yang,X., Yeger-Lotem,E., Zhong,Q., Aloy,P.,
            Bader,G.D., De Las Rivas,J., Gaudet,S., Hao,T., Rak,J.,
            Tavernier,J., Hill,D.E., Vidal,M., Roth,F.P. and Calderwood,M.A.
  TITLE     A reference map of the human binary protein interactome
  JOURNAL   Nature 580 (7803), 402-408 (2020)
   PUBMED   32296183
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Lonn,M.E., Hudemann,C., Berndt,C., Cherkasov,V., Capani,F.,
            Holmgren,A. and Lillig,C.H.
  TITLE     Expression pattern of human glutaredoxin 2 isoforms: identification
            and characterization of two testis/cancer cell-specific isoforms
  JOURNAL   Antioxid Redox Signal 10 (3), 547-557 (2008)
   PUBMED   18092940
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Karunakaran,S., Saeed,U., Ramakrishnan,S., Koumar,R.C. and
            Ravindranath,V.
  TITLE     Constitutive expression and functional characterization of
            mitochondrial glutaredoxin (Grx2) in mouse and human brain
  JOURNAL   Brain Res 1185, 8-17 (2007)
   PUBMED   17961515
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Grx2 is constitutively expressed in both neuron and glia
            in mouse and human brain including the neurons in human substantia
            nigra.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Johansson,C., Lillig,C.H. and Holmgren,A.
  TITLE     Human mitochondrial glutaredoxin reduces S-glutathionylated
            proteins with high affinity accepting electrons from either
            glutathione or thioredoxin reductase
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 279 (9), 7537-7543 (2004)
   PUBMED   14676218
  REMARK    GeneRIF: results suggest an important role for glutaredoxin 2 in
            protection and recovery from oxidative stress
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Lysell,J., Stjernholm Vladic,Y., Ciarlo,N., Holmgren,A. and
            Sahlin,L.
  TITLE     Immunohistochemical determination of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin
            distribution in the human cervix, and possible relation to cervical
            ripening
  JOURNAL   Gynecol Endocrinol 17 (4), 303-310 (2003)
   PUBMED   14503974
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Gladyshev,V.N., Liu,A., Novoselov,S.V., Krysan,K., Sun,Q.A.,
            Kryukov,V.M., Kryukov,G.V. and Lou,M.F.
  TITLE     Identification and characterization of a new mammalian glutaredoxin
            (thioltransferase), Grx2
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 276 (32), 30374-30380 (2001)
   PUBMED   11397793
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Lundberg,M., Johansson,C., Chandra,J., Enoksson,M., Jacobsson,G.,
            Ljung,J., Johansson,M. and Holmgren,A.
  TITLE     Cloning and expression of a novel human glutaredoxin (Grx2) with
            mitochondrial and nuclear isoforms
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 276 (28), 26269-26275 (2001)
   PUBMED   11297543
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 682)
  AUTHORS   Harrington,J.J., Sherf,B., Rundlett,S., Jackson,P.D., Perry,R.,
            Cain,S., Leventhal,C., Thornton,M., Ramachandran,R.,
            Whittington,J., Lerner,L., Costanzo,D., McElligott,K., Boozer,S.,
            Mays,R., Smith,E., Veloso,N., Klika,A., Hess,J., Cothren,K., Lo,K.,
            Offenbacher,J., Danzig,J. and Ducar,M.
  TITLE     Creation of genome-wide protein expression libraries using random
            activation of gene expression
  JOURNAL   Nat Biotechnol 19 (5), 440-445 (2001)
   PUBMED   11329013
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from CN362908.1 and AY038988.1.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On Feb 27, 2020 this sequence version replaced NM_197962.2.
            
            Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the
            glutaredoxin family of proteins, which maintain cellular thiol
            homeostasis. These proteins are thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases
            that use a glutathione-binding site and one or two active cysteines
            in their active site. This gene undergoes alternative splicing to
            produce multiple isoforms, one of which is ubiquitously expressed
            and localizes to mitochondria, where it functions in mitochondrial
            redox homeostasis and is important for the protection against and
            recovery from oxidative stress. Other isoforms, which have more
            restrictive expression patterns, show cytosolic and nuclear
            localization, and are thought to function in cellular
            differentiation and transformation, possibly with a role in tumor
            progression. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate 5' exon and
            thus differs in the 5' UTR and 5' coding region, compared to
            variant 1. The encoded isoform (2, also known as Grx2a or
            mitochondrial Grx2) has a distinct N-terminus and is shorter than
            isoform 1.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BF968364.1, AY038988.1 [ECO:0000332]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: PMID: 11297543; reported by
                                                  MitoCarta
            MANE Ensembl match                 :: ENST00000367439.8/
                                                  ENSP00000356409.3
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on conservation,
                                                  expression
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-14                CN362908.1         89-102
            15-682              AY038988.1         1-668
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..682
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="1"
                     /map="1q31.2"
     gene            1..682
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="glutaredoxin 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51022"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:16065"
                     /db_xref="MIM:606820"
     exon            1..151
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             33..527
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="isoform 2 precursor is encoded by transcript
                     variant 2; bA101E13.1 (GRX2 glutaredoxin
                     (thioltransferase) 2)"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="glutaredoxin 2 isoform 2 precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_932066.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS1381.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51022"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:16065"
                     /db_xref="MIM:606820"
                     /translation="MIWRRAALAGTRLVWSRSGSAGWLDRAAGAAGAAAAAASGMESN
                     TSSSLENLATAPVNQIQETISDNCVVIFSKTSCSYCTMAKKLFHDMNVNYKVVELDLL
                     EYGNQFQDALYKMTGERTVPRIFVNGTFIGGATDTHRLHKEGKLLPLVHQCYLKKSKR
                     KEFQ"
     exon            152..215
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            216..392
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            393..682
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      661..666
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      682
                     /gene="GLRX2"
                     /gene_synonym="CGI-133; GRX2"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 agtagagctc gctgcagatc cgggctctga ccatgatttg gcgccgcgcg gcgctggcgg
       61 ggacgcggct ggtttggagc aggagcggct cggcaggctg gcttgacagg gcggcgggag
      121 ctgcgggagc tgcggcagct gcggcctctg ggatggagag caatacatca tcatctttgg
      181 agaatttagc gacggcgcct gtgaaccaga tccaagaaac aatttctgat aattgtgtgg
      241 tgattttctc aaaaacatcc tgttcttact gtacaatggc aaaaaagctt ttccatgaca
      301 tgaatgttaa ctataaagtg gtggaactgg acctgcttga atatggaaac cagttccaag
      361 atgctcttta caaaatgact ggtgaaagaa ctgttccaag aatatttgtc aatggtactt
      421 ttattggagg tgcaactgac actcataggc ttcacaaaga aggaaaattg ctcccactag
      481 ttcatcagtg ttatttaaaa aaaagtaaga ggaaagaatt tcagtgatgt ttatactaat
      541 aagtttgcta gtacagtgtc agttatttaa agtggtaatg cccgataatg tcttttaaat
      601 gtttgaggat gttttaaata catgcattgt cttcacgaag aagatgtaaa aataatgaac
      661 aataaattgc ggtggaaacc tc
//
