LOCUS       NM_016362               1434 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 10-AUG-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide (GHRL), transcript
            variant 1, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_016362 NR_024132
VERSION     NM_016362.5
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Tang,S.Q., Jiang,Q.Y., Zhang,Y.L., Zhu,X.T., Shu,G., Gao,P.,
            Feng,D.Y., Wang,X.Q. and Dong,X.Y.
  TITLE     Obestatin: its physicochemical characteristics and physiological
            functions
  JOURNAL   Peptides 29 (4), 639-645 (2008)
   PUBMED   18325633
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Seim,I., Collet,C., Herington,A.C. and Chopin,L.K.
  TITLE     Revised genomic structure of the human ghrelin gene and
            identification of novel exons, alternative splice variants and
            natural antisense transcripts
  JOURNAL   BMC Genomics 8, 298 (2007)
   PUBMED   17727735
  REMARK    GeneRIF: first demonstration of putative obestatin and C-ghrelin
            specific transcripts and these findings suggest that these ghrelin
            gene-derived peptides may also be produced independently of
            preproghrelin
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Yeh,A.H., Jeffery,P.L., Duncan,R.P., Herington,A.C. and Chopin,L.K.
  TITLE     Ghrelin and a novel preproghrelin isoform are highly expressed in
            prostate cancer and ghrelin activates mitogen-activated protein
            kinase in prostate cancer
  JOURNAL   Clin Cancer Res 11 (23), 8295-8303 (2005)
   PUBMED   16322288
  REMARK    GeneRIF: High expression of ghrelin is associated with prostate
            cancer
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Kanamoto,N., Akamizu,T., Tagami,T., Hataya,Y., Moriyama,K.,
            Takaya,K., Hosoda,H., Kojima,M., Kangawa,K. and Nakao,K.
  TITLE     Genomic structure and characterization of the 5'-flanking region of
            the human ghrelin gene
  JOURNAL   Endocrinology 145 (9), 4144-4153 (2004)
   PUBMED   15142980
  REMARK    GeneRIF: potential role for upstream stimulatory factor
            transcription factors in the regulation of human ghrelin
            expression.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Pemberton,C., Wimalasena,P., Yandle,T., Soule,S. and Richards,M.
  TITLE     C-terminal pro-ghrelin peptides are present in the human
            circulation
  JOURNAL   Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310 (2), 567-573 (2003)
   PUBMED   14521948
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Circulating levels of C-terminal pro-ghrelin peptides are
            altered in patients with cadiovascular diseases.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Kishimoto,M., Okimura,Y., Nakata,H., Kudo,T., Iguchi,G.,
            Takahashi,Y., Kaji,H. and Chihara,K.
  TITLE     Cloning and characterization of the 5(')-flanking region of the
            human ghrelin gene
  JOURNAL   Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305 (1), 186-192 (2003)
   PUBMED   12732215
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Cloning and characterization of the 5(')-flanking region
            of the ghrelin gene.
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Hosoda,H., Kojima,M., Mizushima,T., Shimizu,S. and Kangawa,K.
  TITLE     Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple
            ghrelin-derived molecules produced by post-translational processing
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 278 (1), 64-70 (2003)
   PUBMED   12414809
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Data suggest that the stomach is the major source of
            circulating ghrelin and that other tissues compensate for the loss
            of ghrelin production after gastrectomy.
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Date,Y., Kojima,M., Hosoda,H., Sawaguchi,A., Mondal,M.S.,
            Suganuma,T., Matsukura,S., Kangawa,K. and Nakazato,M.
  TITLE     Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is
            synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the
            gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans
  JOURNAL   Endocrinology 141 (11), 4255-4261 (2000)
   PUBMED   11089560
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Tomasetto,C., Karam,S.M., Ribieras,S., Masson,R., Lefebvre,O.,
            Staub,A., Alexander,G., Chenard,M.P. and Rio,M.C.
  TITLE     Identification and characterization of a novel gastric peptide
            hormone: the motilin-related peptide
  JOURNAL   Gastroenterology 119 (2), 395-405 (2000)
   PUBMED   10930375
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1434)
  AUTHORS   Kojima,M., Hosoda,H., Date,Y., Nakazato,M., Matsuo,H. and
            Kangawa,K.
  TITLE     Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach
  JOURNAL   Nature 402 (6762), 656-660 (1999)
   PUBMED   10604470
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from EF549561.1, EU072083.1,
            EF549563.1, AY359053.1, EU072084.1, BC025791.1 and AC022384.5.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On May 17, 2019 this sequence version replaced NM_016362.4.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that
            is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is
            a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy
            homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is empty,
            whereupon it binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in
            the hypothalamus which results in the secretion of growth hormone
            (somatotropin). Ghrelin is thought to regulate multiple activities,
            including hunger, reward perception via the mesolimbic pathway,
            gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and pancreatic
            glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was initially proposed
            that obestatin plays an opposing role to ghrelin by promoting
            satiety and thus decreasing food intake, but this action is still
            debated. Recent reports suggest multiple metabolic roles for
            obestatin, including regulating adipocyte function and glucose
            metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript
            variants. In addition, antisense transcripts for this gene have
            been identified and may potentially regulate ghrelin-obestatin
            preproprotein expression. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest
            transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1). This isoform (1)
            contains the ligands ghrelin-28 and obestatin. Variants 1, 8, 9, 11
            and 12 encode the same protein.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: EU072083.1, SRR18074968.4109073.1
                                           [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: mixed sample support SAMEA1965299,
                                           SAMEA1966682 [ECO:0006172]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000335542.13/ ENSP00000335074.8
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression,
                                      longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-30                EF549561.1         1-30
            31-344              EU072083.1         1-314
            345-696             EF549563.1         1-352
            697-773             AY359053.1         1-77
            774-774             EU072084.1         744-744
            775-1349            AY359053.1         79-653
            1350-1350           BC025791.1         518-518
            1351-1434           AC022384.5         164868-164951       c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1434
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="3"
                     /map="3p25.3"
     gene            1..1434
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /note="ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51738"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:18129"
                     /db_xref="MIM:605353"
     exon            1..106
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            107..842
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            843..979
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             872..1225
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /note="isoform 1 preproprotein is encoded by transcript
                     variant 1; ghrelin, growth hormone secretagogue receptor
                     ligand; ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone; motilin-related
                     peptide; appetite-regulating hormone; In2c-preproghrelin;
                     growth hormone-releasing peptide; prepro-appetite
                     regulatory hormone; ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1
                     preproprotein"
                     /protein_id="NP_057446.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS33700.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51738"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:18129"
                     /db_xref="MIM:605353"
                     /translation="MPSPGTVCSLLLLGMLWLDLAMAGSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKP
                     PAKLQPRALAGWLRPEDGGQAEGAEDELEVRFNAPFDVGIKLSGVQYQQHSQALGKFL
                     QDILWEEAKEAPADK"
     exon            980..1096
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1097..1205
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1206..1434
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1332..1337
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1350
                     /gene="GHRL"
                     /gene_synonym="MTLRP"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 agttccccaa agataacaca gctttgcaca gtggatgttt acttgctggt ggtcttatct
       61 aagatcaaca ttggcagctg tgcccggaga ggcctccagg gtccaggtcc aatgcacttc
      121 cctctcagaa gaggcatccg ctaaaatagg gaccaaagct gctggaggga ggcaaggcaa
      181 gctgctatgt gaaaaaacgc caggccaggc agtcatgtca cacctggcag aaatgactga
      241 agcatagcca ctggctgaag ttatccccac acccactctc tggagaggat gatcaggagc
      301 agtctgctca accgggaggt gggactcctc ctcgggaagg tgtagaatca ccagcctggc
      361 tccctgcgga ctcccggggc tcacagaggc cagagcagca acagcacatg ggaaacaacg
      421 gggcgctgga ctggggaggt ctcagagctc tcctagtgat gacagcctca ttttacccag
      481 ggagaaaggg cgagtaagct aaggtcacac agcaacaaag ctgcacccag accccagagc
      541 cactctcctc cctccctcct ccaccagggc catgcccact tggggcaccc cgccaccgtg
      601 ttccagggac agctggagca catgcttctt ccctcgccaa cccagcaatt ccgcagggca
      661 tctgacctcc actgttgact tctacccaga ggacaagaac atttttagtt cccaaggaat
      721 gtacatcagc cccacggaag ctaggccacc tctgggatgg ggttgctggt ttagaacaaa
      781 cgccagtcat cctatataag gacctgacag ccaccaggca ccacctccgc caggaactgc
      841 aggcccacct gtctgcaacc cagctgaggc catgccctcc ccagggaccg tctgcagcct
      901 cctgctcctc ggcatgctct ggctggactt ggccatggca ggctccagct tcctgagccc
      961 tgaacaccag agagtccagc agagaaagga gtcgaagaag ccaccagcca agctgcagcc
     1021 ccgagctcta gcaggctggc tccgcccgga agatggaggt caagcagaag gggcagagga
     1081 tgaactggaa gtccggttca acgccccctt tgatgttgga atcaagctgt caggggttca
     1141 gtaccagcag cacagccagg ccctggggaa gtttcttcag gacatcctct gggaagaggc
     1201 caaagaggcc ccagccgaca agtgatcgcc cacaagcctt actcacctct ctctaagttt
     1261 agaagcgctc atctggcttt tcgcttgctt ctgcagcaac tcccacgact gttgtacaag
     1321 ctcaggaggc gaataaatgt tcaaactgta tgctgatgtt ccaaatggga atttatttca
     1381 aagaggaaaa gttaatattt tactttaaaa aaatcaaaat aatacaaata aaaa
//
