LOCUS       NM_004864               1200 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 12-NOV-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_004864
VERSION     NM_004864.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Varhegyi,V., Modos,A., Trager,D., Gerszi,D., Horvath,E.M.,
            Sipos,M., Acs,N., Molnar,M.J., Varbiro,S. and Gal,A.
  TITLE     GDF-15 and mtDNA Deletions Are Useful Biomarkers of Mitochondrial
            Dysfunction in Insulin Resistance and PCOS
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 25 (20), 10916 (2024)
   PUBMED   39456699
  REMARK    GeneRIF: GDF-15 and mtDNA Deletions Are Useful Biomarkers of
            Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Insulin Resistance and PCOS.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Rampazzo Morelli,N., Prefontaine,C., Pipella,J. and Thompson,P.J.
  TITLE     Secreted GDF15 maintains transcriptional responses during DNA
            damage-mediated senescence in human beta cells
  JOURNAL   Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 327 (4), E552-E562 (2024)
   PUBMED   39196800
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Secreted GDF15 maintains transcriptional responses during
            DNA damage-mediated senescence in human beta cells.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Gurtan,A.M., Khalid,S., Koch,C., Khan,M.Z., Lamarche,L.B.,
            Splawski,I., Dolan,E., Carrion,A.M., Zessis,R., Clement,M.E.,
            Chen,Z., Lindsley,L.D., Chiu,Y.H., Streeper,R.S., Denning,D.P.,
            Goldfine,A.B., Doyon,B., Abbasi,A., Harrow,J.L., Tsunoyama,K.,
            Asaumi,M., Kou,I., Shuldiner,A.R., Rodriguez-Flores,J.L.,
            Rasheed,A., Jahanzaib,M., Mian,M.R., Liaqat,M.B., Raza,S.S.,
            Sultana,R., Jalal,A., Saeed,M.H., Abbas,S., Memon,F.R., Ishaq,M.,
            Dominy,J.E. and Saleheen,D.
  TITLE     Identification and characterization of human GDF15 knockouts
  JOURNAL   Nat Metab 6 (10), 1913-1921 (2024)
   PUBMED   39327531
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Identification and characterization of human GDF15
            knockouts.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Li,W., He,S., Tan,J., Li,N., Zhao,C., Wang,X., Zhang,Z., Liu,J.,
            Huang,J., Li,X., Zhou,Q., Hu,K., Yang,P. and Hou,S.
  TITLE     Transcription factor EGR2 alleviates autoimmune uveitis via
            activation of GDF15 to modulate the retinal microglial phenotype
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 121 (39), e2316161121 (2024)
   PUBMED   39298490
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Transcription factor EGR2 alleviates autoimmune uveitis
            via activation of GDF15 to modulate the retinal microglial
            phenotype.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Gu,X., Song,Y., Liu,X., Cheng,Z., Min,J. and Zhang,Y.
  TITLE     METTL14-Mediated m6A Modification of TUG1 Represses Ferroptosis in
            Alzheimer's Disease via Inhibiting GDF15 Ubiquitination
  JOURNAL   Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 29 (8), 298 (2024)
   PUBMED   39206905
  REMARK    GeneRIF: METTL14-Mediated m6A Modification of TUG1 Represses
            Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease via Inhibiting GDF15
            Ubiquitination.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Paralkar,V.M., Vail,A.L., Grasser,W.A., Brown,T.A., Xu,H.,
            Vukicevic,S., Ke,H.Z., Qi,H., Owen,T.A. and Thompson,D.D.
  TITLE     Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the transforming
            growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein family
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 273 (22), 13760-13767 (1998)
   PUBMED   9593718
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Lawton,L.N., Bonaldo,M.F., Jelenc,P.C., Qiu,L., Baumes,S.A.,
            Marcelino,R.A., de Jesus,G.M., Wellington,S., Knowles,J.A.,
            Warburton,D., Brown,S. and Soares,M.B.
  TITLE     Identification of a novel member of the TGF-beta superfamily highly
            expressed in human placenta
  JOURNAL   Gene 203 (1), 17-26 (1997)
   PUBMED   9426002
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Bootcov,M.R., Bauskin,A.R., Valenzuela,S.M., Moore,A.G., Bansal,M.,
            He,X.Y., Zhang,H.P., Donnellan,M., Mahler,S., Pryor,K., Walsh,B.J.,
            Nicholson,R.C., Fairlie,W.D., Por,S.B., Robbins,J.M. and Breit,S.N.
  TITLE     MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent
            member of the TGF-beta superfamily
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 (21), 11514-11519 (1997)
   PUBMED   9326641
  REMARK    GeneRIF: MIC-1, a divergent TGF-b superfamily cytokine, was cloned
            from a U937 subtracted cDNA library enriched for
            activation-associated sequences. It is induced in macrophages by
            many activation-associated stimuli but not LPS or IFN-g
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Hromas,R., Hufford,M., Sutton,J., Xu,D., Li,Y. and Lu,L.
  TITLE     PLAB, a novel placental bone morphogenetic protein
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 1354 (1), 40-44 (1997)
   PUBMED   9375789
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1200)
  AUTHORS   Yokoyama-Kobayashi,M., Saeki,M., Sekine,S. and Kato,S.
  TITLE     Human cDNA encoding a novel TGF-beta superfamily protein highly
            expressed in placenta
  JOURNAL   J Biochem 122 (3), 622-626 (1997)
   PUBMED   9348093
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from BQ901034.1 and BC008962.2.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_004864.3.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta
            (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands
            of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to
            recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors
            that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is
            proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the
            disulfide-linked homodimer. The protein is expressed in a broad
            range of cell types, acts as a pleiotropic cytokine and is involved
            in the stress response program of cells after cellular injury.
            Increased protein levels are associated with disease states such as
            tissue hypoxia, inflammation, acute injury and oxidative stress.
            [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: AK291530.1, AB000584.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1966682, SAMEA1968189
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000252809.3/ ENSP00000252809.3
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression,
                                      longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-15                BQ901034.1         213-227
            16-1200             BC008962.2         1-1185
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1200
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="19"
                     /map="19p13.11"
     gene            1..1200
                     /gene="GDF15"
                     /gene_synonym="GDF-15; HG; MIC-1; MIC1; NAG-1; PDF; PLAB;
                     PTGFB"
                     /note="growth differentiation factor 15"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:9518"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:30142"
                     /db_xref="MIM:605312"
     exon            1..309
                     /gene="GDF15"
                     /gene_synonym="GDF-15; HG; MIC-1; MIC1; NAG-1; PDF; PLAB;
                     PTGFB"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            310..1200
                     /gene="GDF15"
                     /gene_synonym="GDF-15; HG; MIC-1; MIC1; NAG-1; PDF; PLAB;
                     PTGFB"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1180..1185
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GDF15"
                     /gene_synonym="GDF-15; HG; MIC-1; MIC1; NAG-1; PDF; PLAB;
                     PTGFB"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1200
                     /gene="GDF15"
                     /gene_synonym="GDF-15; HG; MIC-1; MIC1; NAG-1; PDF; PLAB;
                     PTGFB"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 agtcccagct cagagccgca acctgcacag ccatgcccgg gcaagaactc aggacggtga
       61 atggctctca gatgctcctg gtgttgctgg tgctctcgtg gctgccgcat gggggcgccc
      121 tgtctctggc cgaggcgagc cgcgcaagtt tcccgggacc ctcagagttg cactccgaag
      181 actccagatt ccgagagttg cggaaacgct acgaggacct gctaaccagg ctgcgggcca
      241 accagagctg ggaagattcg aacaccgacc tcgtcccggc ccctgcagtc cggatactca
      301 cgccagaagt gcggctggga tccggcggcc acctgcacct gcgtatctct cgggccgccc
      361 ttcccgaggg gctccccgag gcctcccgcc ttcaccgggc tctgttccgg ctgtccccga
      421 cggcgtcaag gtcgtgggac gtgacacgac cgctgcggcg tcagctcagc cttgcaagac
      481 cccaggcgcc cgcgctgcac ctgcgactgt cgccgccgcc gtcgcagtcg gaccaactgc
      541 tggcagaatc ttcgtccgca cggccccagc tggagttgca cttgcggccg caagccgcca
      601 gggggcgccg cagagcgcgt gcgcgcaacg gggaccactg tccgctcggg cccgggcgtt
      661 gctgccgtct gcacacggtc cgcgcgtcgc tggaagacct gggctgggcc gattgggtgc
      721 tgtcgccacg ggaggtgcaa gtgaccatgt gcatcggcgc gtgcccgagc cagttccggg
      781 cggcaaacat gcacgcgcag atcaagacga gcctgcaccg cctgaagccc gacacggtgc
      841 cagcgccctg ctgcgtgccc gccagctaca atcccatggt gctcattcaa aagaccgaca
      901 ccggggtgtc gctccagacc tatgatgact tgttagccaa agactgccac tgcatatgag
      961 cagtcctggt ccttccactg tgcacctgcg cggaggacgc gacctcagtt gtcctgccct
     1021 gtggaatggg ctcaaggttc ctgagacacc cgattcctgc ccaaacagct gtatttatat
     1081 aagtctgtta tttattatta atttattggg gtgaccttct tggggactcg ggggctggtc
     1141 tgatggaact gtgtatttat ttaaaactct ggtgataaaa ataaagctgt ctgaactgtt
//
