LOCUS       NM_002054               1124 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 24-OCT-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens glucagon (GCG), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_002054
VERSION     NM_002054.5
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Verma,A. and Goyal,A.
  TITLE     Beyond insulin: The Intriguing role of GLP-1 in Parkinson's disease
  JOURNAL   Eur J Pharmacol 982, 176936 (2024)
   PUBMED   39182542
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Beyond insulin: The Intriguing role of GLP-1 in
            Parkinson's disease.
            Review article
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Chen,B., Yu,X., Horvath-Diano,C., Ortuno,M.J., Tschop,M.H.,
            Jastreboff,A.M. and Schneeberger,M.
  TITLE     GLP-1 programs the neurovascular landscape
  JOURNAL   Cell Metab 36 (10), 2173-2189 (2024)
   PUBMED   39357509
  REMARK    GeneRIF: GLP-1 programs the neurovascular landscape.
            Review article
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Baccari,M.C., Vannucchi,M.G. and Idrizaj,E.
  TITLE     The Possible Involvement of Glucagon-like Peptide-2 in the
            Regulation of Food Intake through the Gut-Brain Axis
  JOURNAL   Nutrients 16 (18), 3069 (2024)
   PUBMED   39339669
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The Possible Involvement of Glucagon-like Peptide-2 in the
            Regulation of Food Intake through the Gut-Brain Axis.
            Review article
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Bruns Vi,N., Tressler,E.H., Vendruscolo,L.F., Leggio,L. and
            Farokhnia,M.
  TITLE     IUPHAR review - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and substance use
            disorders: An emerging pharmacotherapeutic target
  JOURNAL   Pharmacol Res 207, 107312 (2024)
   PUBMED   39032839
  REMARK    GeneRIF: IUPHAR review - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and
            substance use disorders: An emerging pharmacotherapeutic target.
            Review article
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Drucker,D.J. and Asa,S.
  TITLE     Glucagon gene expression in vertebrate brain
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 263 (27), 13475-13478 (1988)
   PUBMED   2901414
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Novak,U., Wilks,A., Buell,G. and McEwen,S.
  TITLE     Identical mRNA for preproglucagon in pancreas and gut
  JOURNAL   Eur J Biochem 164 (3), 553-558 (1987)
   PUBMED   3569278
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   White,J.W. and Saunders,G.F.
  TITLE     Structure of the human glucagon gene
  JOURNAL   Nucleic Acids Res 14 (12), 4719-4730 (1986)
   PUBMED   3725587
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Schroeder,W.T., Lopez,L.C., Harper,M.E. and Saunders,G.F.
  TITLE     Localization of the human glucagon gene (GCG) to chromosome segment
            2q36----37
  JOURNAL   Cytogenet Cell Genet 38 (1), 76-79 (1984)
   PUBMED   6546710
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Bell,G.I., Sanchez-Pescador,R., Laybourn,P.J. and Najarian,R.C.
  TITLE     Exon duplication and divergence in the human preproglucagon gene
  JOURNAL   Nature 304 (5924), 368-371 (1983)
   PUBMED   6877358
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1124)
  AUTHORS   Thomsen,J., Kristiansen,K., Brunfeldt,K. and Sundby,F.
  TITLE     The amino acid sequence of human glucagon
  JOURNAL   FEBS Lett 21 (3), 315-319 (1972)
   PUBMED   11946536
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from BC005278.1 and CB069629.1.
            
            On Nov 24, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_002054.4.
            
            Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is actually a
            preproprotein that is cleaved into four distinct mature peptides.
            One of these, glucagon, is a pancreatic hormone that counteracts
            the glucose-lowering action of insulin by stimulating
            glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glucagon is a ligand for a
            specific G-protein linked receptor whose signalling pathway
            controls cell proliferation. Two of the other peptides are secreted
            from gut endocrine cells and promote nutrient absorption through
            distinct mechanisms. Finally, the fourth peptide is similar to
            glicentin, an active enteroglucagon. [provided by RefSeq, Jul
            2008].
            
            Sequence Note: A downstream translational start codon is selected
            for this RefSeq based on transcript support and on the presence of
            a predicted signal peptide in the protein N-terminus. Several
            upstream in-frame start codons are also present with sparse
            transcript support, and would result in proteins that are up to 83
            aa longer at the N-terminus and lack predicted signal peptides.
            Leaky scanning by ribosomes may allow translation initiation at the
            downstream start codon.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BC005278.1, BM479329.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA2156266 [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000418842.7/ ENSP00000387662.2
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on single protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-1122              BC005278.1         1-1122
            1123-1124           CB069629.1         14-15               c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1124
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="2"
                     /map="2q24.2"
     gene            1..1124
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /note="glucagon"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:2641"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4191"
                     /db_xref="MIM:138030"
     exon            1..90
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            91..191
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             100..642
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /note="glicentin-related polypeptide; glucagon-like
                     peptide 1; glucagon-like peptide 2; preproglucagon;
                     pro-glucagon"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="pro-glucagon preproprotein"
                     /protein_id="NP_002045.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS46439.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:2641"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4191"
                     /db_xref="MIM:138030"
                     /translation="MKSIYFVAGLFVMLVQGSWQRSLQDTEEKSRSFSASQADPLSDP
                     DQMNEDKRHSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTKRNRNNIAKRHDEFERHAEGT
                     FTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVKGRGRRDFPEEVAIVEELGRRHADGSFSDEMNTILD
                     NLAARDFINWLIQTKITDRK"
     exon            192..353
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            354..491
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            492..635
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            636..1124
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1106..1111
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1124
                     /gene="GCG"
                     /gene_synonym="GLP-1; GLP1; GLP2; GRPP"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 acagagctta ggacacagag cacatcaaaa gttcccaaag agggcttgct ctctcttcac
       61 ctgctctgtt ctacagcaca ctaccagaag acagcagaaa tgaaaagcat ttactttgtg
      121 gctggattat ttgtaatgct ggtacaaggc agctggcaac gttcccttca agacacagag
      181 gagaaatcca gatcattctc agcttcccag gcagacccac tcagtgatcc tgatcagatg
      241 aacgaggaca agcgccattc acagggcaca ttcaccagtg actacagcaa gtatctggac
      301 tccaggcgtg cccaagattt tgtgcagtgg ttgatgaata ccaagaggaa caggaataac
      361 attgccaaac gtcacgatga atttgagaga catgctgaag ggacctttac cagtgatgta
      421 agttcttatt tggaaggcca agctgccaag gaattcattg cttggctggt gaaaggccga
      481 ggaaggcgag atttcccaga agaggtcgcc attgttgaag aacttggccg cagacatgct
      541 gatggttctt tctctgatga gatgaacacc attcttgata atcttgccgc cagggacttt
      601 ataaactggt tgattcagac caaaatcact gacaggaaat aactatatca ctattcaaga
      661 tcatcttcac aacatcacct gctagccacg tgggatgttt gaaatgttaa gtcctgtaaa
      721 tttaagaggt gtattctgag gccacattgc tttgcatgcc aataaataaa ttttctttta
      781 gtgttgtgta gccaaaaatt acaaatggaa taaagtttta tcaaaatatt gctaaaatat
      841 cagctttaaa atatgaaagt gctagattct gttattttct tcttattttg gatgaagtac
      901 cccaacctgt ttacatttag cgataaaatt atttttctat gatataattt gtaaatgtaa
      961 attattccga tctgacatat ctgcattata ataataggag aatagaagaa ctggtagcca
     1021 cagtggtgaa attggaaaga gaactttctt cctgaaacct ttgtcttaaa aatactcagc
     1081 tttcaatgta tcaaagatac aattaaataa aattttcaag cttc
//
