LOCUS       NM_002046               1285 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 12-NOV-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH),
            transcript variant 1, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_002046
VERSION     NM_002046.7
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Jeon,H.Y., Lee,A.J., Moon,C.H. and Ha,K.S.
  TITLE     Regulation of AMPK and GAPDH by Transglutaminase 2 Plays a Pivotal
            Role in Microvascular Leakage in Diabetic Retinas
  JOURNAL   Diabetes 73 (10), 1756-1766 (2024)
   PUBMED   39024127
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Regulation of AMPK and GAPDH by Transglutaminase 2 Plays a
            Pivotal Role in Microvascular Leakage in Diabetic Retinas.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Sun,X., Ye,G., Li,J., Yuan,L., Bai,G., Xu,Y.J. and Zhang,J.
  TITLE     The tumor suppressor Parkin exerts anticancer effects through
            regulating mitochondrial GAPDH activity
  JOURNAL   Oncogene 43 (44), 3215-3226 (2024)
   PUBMED   39285229
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The tumor suppressor Parkin exerts anticancer effects
            through regulating mitochondrial GAPDH activity.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,X., Li,H., Tang,L., Zhu,B., Yang,W., Li,M. and Zhao,Y.
  TITLE     Photobiomodulation therapy enhances neural differentiation of
            dental pulp stem cells via ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  JOURNAL   Photochem Photobiol 100 (3), 646-655 (2024)
   PUBMED   37815161
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Dilawari,R., Chaubey,G.K., Modanwal,R., Dhiman,A., Talukdar,S.,
            Kumar,A., Raje,C.I. and Raje,M.
  TITLE     Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds with Spike Protein
            and Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cells
  JOURNAL   J Innate Immun 16 (1), 133-142 (2024)
   PUBMED   38325356
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds with Spike
            Protein and Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cells.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Wagener,J., Schneider,J.J., Baxmann,S., Kalbacher,H., Borelli,C.,
            Nuding,S., Kuchler,R., Wehkamp,J., Kaeser,M.D.,
            Mailander-Sanchez,D., Braunsdorf,C., Hube,B., Schild,L.,
            Forssmann,W.G., Korting,H.C., Liepke,C. and Schaller,M.
  TITLE     A peptide derived from the highly conserved protein GAPDH is
            involved in tissue protection by different antifungal strategies
            and epithelial immunomodulation
  JOURNAL   J Invest Dermatol 133 (1), 144-153 (2013)
   PUBMED   22832495
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The protein encoded by this gene contains a peptide that
            displays antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and
            C. albicans.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Tristan,C., Shahani,N., Sedlak,T.W. and Sawa,A.
  TITLE     The diverse functions of GAPDH: views from different subcellular
            compartments
  JOURNAL   Cell Signal 23 (2), 317-323 (2011)
   PUBMED   20727968
  REMARK    GeneRIF: GAPDH is a moonlighting protein that functions as a
            glycolytic enzyme as well as a uracil DNA glycosylase.
            Review article
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Serville,F., Junien,C., Kaplan,J.C., Gachet,M., Cadoux,J. and
            Broustet,A.
  TITLE     Gene dosage effect for human triosephosphate isomerase and
            glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in partial trisomy 12p13
            and trisomy 18p
  JOURNAL   Hum Genet 45 (1), 63-69 (1978)
   PUBMED   730182
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Edwards,Y.H., Clark,P. and Harris,H.
  TITLE     Isozymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in man and
            other mammals
  JOURNAL   Ann Hum Genet 40 (1), 67-77 (1976)
   PUBMED   183598
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Mercer,W.D., Winn,S.I. and Watson,H.C.
  TITLE     Twinning in crystals of human skeletal muscle
            D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  JOURNAL   J Mol Biol 104 (1), 277-283 (1976)
   PUBMED   957435
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1285)
  AUTHORS   Bruns,G.A. and Gerald,P.S.
  TITLE     Human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in man-rodent
            somatic cell hybrids
  JOURNAL   Science 192 (4234), 54-56 (1976)
   PUBMED   176725
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff in
            collaboration with Francesco Amaldi. The reference sequence was
            derived from AK308198.1 and BC009081.1.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On Nov 23, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_002046.6.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a member of the
            glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The
            encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based
            on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The
            product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in
            carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation
            of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic
            phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded
            protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA
            glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a
            peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P.
            aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse
            have assigned a variety of additional functions including
            nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA
            stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface
            of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present
            in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple
            transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform
            (1).
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: SRR5189661.97809.1,
                                           SRR3476690.1051075.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1965299, SAMEA1966682
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match                 :: ENST00000229239.10/
                                                  ENSP00000229239.5
            multifunctional gene product(s)    :: PMID: 20727968
            Protein has antimicrobial activity :: PMID: 22832495
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on manual assertion,
                                                  conservation, expression,
                                                  longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-15                AK308198.1         1-15
            16-1285             BC009081.1         1-1270
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1285
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="12"
                     /map="12p13.31"
     gene            1..1285
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /note="glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:2597"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4141"
                     /db_xref="MIM:138400"
     exon            1..53
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            54..105
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             77..1084
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /EC_number="1.2.1.12"
                     /note="isoform 1 is encoded by transcript variant 1;
                     aging-associated gene 9 protein; OCAS, p38 component;
                     peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase GAPDH; epididymis
                     secretory sperm binding protein Li 162eP; Oct1 coactivator
                     in S phase, 38 Kd component"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform
                     1"
                     /protein_id="NP_002037.2"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS8549.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:2597"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4141"
                     /db_xref="MIM:138400"
                     /translation="MGKVKVGVNGFGRIGRLVTRAAFNSGKVDIVAINDPFIDLNYMV
                     YMFQYDSTHGKFHGTVKAENGKLVINGNPITIFQERDPSKIKWGDAGAEYVVESTGVF
                     TTMEKAGAHLQGGAKRVIISAPSADAPMFVMGVNHEKYDNSLKIISNASCTTNCLAPL
                     AKVIHDNFGIVEGLMTTVHAITATQKTVDGPSGKLWRDGRGALQNIIPASTGAAKAVG
                     KVIPELNGKLTGMAFRVPTANVSVVDLTCRLEKPAKYDDIKKVVKQASEGPLKGILGY
                     TEHQVVSSDFNSDTHSSTFDAGAGIALNDHFVKLISWYDNEFGYSNRVVDLMAHMASK
                     E"
     exon            106..205
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            206..312
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            313..403
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            404..519
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            520..601
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            602..1014
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1015..1285
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1262..1267
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1285
                     /gene="GAPDH"
                     /gene_synonym="G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 gctctctgct cctcctgttc gacagtcagc cgcatcttct tttgcgtcgc cagccgagcc
       61 acatcgctca gacaccatgg ggaaggtgaa ggtcggagtc aacggatttg gtcgtattgg
      121 gcgcctggtc accagggctg cttttaactc tggtaaagtg gatattgttg ccatcaatga
      181 ccccttcatt gacctcaact acatggttta catgttccaa tatgattcca cccatggcaa
      241 attccatggc accgtcaagg ctgagaacgg gaagcttgtc atcaatggaa atcccatcac
      301 catcttccag gagcgagatc cctccaaaat caagtggggc gatgctggcg ctgagtacgt
      361 cgtggagtcc actggcgtct tcaccaccat ggagaaggct ggggctcatt tgcagggggg
      421 agccaaaagg gtcatcatct ctgccccctc tgctgatgcc cccatgttcg tcatgggtgt
      481 gaaccatgag aagtatgaca acagcctcaa gatcatcagc aatgcctcct gcaccaccaa
      541 ctgcttagca cccctggcca aggtcatcca tgacaacttt ggtatcgtgg aaggactcat
      601 gaccacagtc catgccatca ctgccaccca gaagactgtg gatggcccct ccgggaaact
      661 gtggcgtgat ggccgcgggg ctctccagaa catcatccct gcctctactg gcgctgccaa
      721 ggctgtgggc aaggtcatcc ctgagctgaa cgggaagctc actggcatgg ccttccgtgt
      781 ccccactgcc aacgtgtcag tggtggacct gacctgccgt ctagaaaaac ctgccaaata
      841 tgatgacatc aagaaggtgg tgaagcaggc gtcggagggc cccctcaagg gcatcctggg
      901 ctacactgag caccaggtgg tctcctctga cttcaacagc gacacccact cctccacctt
      961 tgacgctggg gctggcattg ccctcaacga ccactttgtc aagctcattt cctggtatga
     1021 caacgaattt ggctacagca acagggtggt ggacctcatg gcccacatgg cctccaagga
     1081 gtaagacccc tggaccacca gccccagcaa gagcacaaga ggaagagaga gaccctcact
     1141 gctggggagt ccctgccaca ctcagtcccc caccacactg aatctcccct cctcacagtt
     1201 gccatgtaga ccccttgaag aggggagggg cctagggagc cgcaccttgt catgtaccat
     1261 caataaagta ccctgtgctc aacca
//
