LOCUS       NM_003857               1373 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 03-OCT-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens galanin receptor 2 (GALR2), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_003857
VERSION     NM_003857.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Heo,Y., Ishimoto,N., Jeon,Y.E., Yun,J.H., Ohki,M., Anraku,Y.,
            Sasaki,M., Kita,S., Fukuhara,H., Ikuta,T., Kawakami,K., Inoue,A.,
            Maenaka,K., Tame,J.R.H., Lee,W. and Park,S.Y.
  TITLE     Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin and Gq
            reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding affects the
            G-protein interface
  JOURNAL   PLoS Biol 20 (8), e3001714 (2022)
   PUBMED   35913979
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin
            and Gq reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding
            affects the G-protein interface.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Kiezun,J., Godlewski,J., Krazinski,B.E., Kozielec,Z. and Kmiec,Z.
  TITLE     Galanin Receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) Expression in
            Colorectal Cancer Tissue and Correlations to the Overall Survival
            and Poor Prognosis of CRC Patients
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 23 (7), 3735 (2022)
   PUBMED   35409094
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Galanin Receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) Expression in
            Colorectal Cancer Tissue and Correlations to the Overall Survival
            and Poor Prognosis of CRC Patients.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Lee,Y.N., Reyes-Alcaraz,A., Yun,S., Lee,C.S., Hwang,J.I. and
            Seong,J.Y.
  TITLE     Exploring the molecular structures that confer ligand selectivity
            for galanin type II and III receptors
  JOURNAL   PLoS One 15 (3), e0230872 (2020)
   PUBMED   32231393
  REMARK    GeneRIF: molecular structures that confer ligand selectivity for
            galanin type II and III receptors
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,L., Fang,P., Chai,C., Shao,L., Mao,H., Qiao,D., Kong,G.,
            Dong,X., Shi,M., Zhang,Z. and Bo,P.
  TITLE     Galanin expression is down-regulated in patients with gastric
            cancer
  JOURNAL   J Int Med Res 47 (3), 1241-1249 (2019)
   PUBMED   30616468
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Low GALR2 expression is associated with gastric cancer.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Badgandi,H.B., Hwang,S.H., Shimada,I.S., Loriot,E. and
            Mukhopadhyay,S.
  TITLE     Tubby family proteins are adapters for ciliary trafficking of
            integral membrane proteins
  JOURNAL   J Cell Biol 216 (3), 743-760 (2017)
   PUBMED   28154160
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Kolakowski,L.F. Jr., O'Neill,G.P., Howard,A.D., Broussard,S.R.,
            Sullivan,K.A., Feighner,S.D., Sawzdargo,M., Nguyen,T., Kargman,S.,
            Shiao,L.L., Hreniuk,D.L., Tan,C.P., Evans,J., Abramovitz,M.,
            Chateauneuf,A., Coulombe,N., Ng,G., Johnson,M.P., Tharian,A.,
            Khoshbouei,H., George,S.R., Smith,R.G. and O'Dowd,B.F.
  TITLE     Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin
            receptors GALR2 and GALR3
  JOURNAL   J Neurochem 71 (6), 2239-2251 (1998)
   PUBMED   9832121
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Fathi,Z., Battaglino,P.M., Iben,L.G., Li,H., Baker,E., Zhang,D.,
            McGovern,R., Mahle,C.D., Sutherland,G.R., Iismaa,T.P.,
            Dickinson,K.E. and Zimanyi,I.A.
  TITLE     Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and
            chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor
  JOURNAL   Brain Res Mol Brain Res 58 (1-2), 156-169 (1998)
   PUBMED   9685625
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Bloomquist,B.T., Beauchamp,M.R., Zhelnin,L., Brown,S.E.,
            Gore-Willse,A.R., Gregor,P. and Cornfield,L.J.
  TITLE     Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2
  JOURNAL   Biochem Biophys Res Commun 243 (2), 474-479 (1998)
   PUBMED   9480833
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Borowsky,B., Walker,M.W., Huang,L.Y., Jones,K.A., Smith,K.E.,
            Bard,J., Branchek,T.A. and Gerald,C.
  TITLE     Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor
  JOURNAL   Peptides 19 (10), 1771-1781 (1998)
   PUBMED   9880084
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1373)
  AUTHORS   Itoh,H., Toyama,R., Kozasa,T., Tsukamoto,T., Matsuoka,M. and
            Kaziro,Y.
  TITLE     Presence of three distinct molecular species of Gi protein alpha
            subunit. Structure of rat cDNAs and human genomic DNAs
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 263 (14), 6656-6664 (1988)
   PUBMED   2834384
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AC018665.9, BC069130.1 and
            BU631750.1.
            
            On Nov 23, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_003857.3.
            
            Summary: Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the
            brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It
            is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently
            stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing
            of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits
            postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are
            mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that
            are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled
            receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the
            galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is
            through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in
            contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by
            inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been
            demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi
            proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal
            transduction pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: ERR279871.164.1, BC069130.1
                                           [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA2142586, SAMEA2142853
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000329003.4/ ENSP00000329684.3
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-30                AC018665.9         112263-112292       c
            31-1328             BC069130.1         9-1306
            1329-1373           BU631750.1         18-62               c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1373
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="17"
                     /map="17q25.1"
     gene            1..1373
                     /gene="GALR2"
                     /gene_synonym="GAL2-R; GALNR2; GALR-2"
                     /note="galanin receptor 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:8811"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4133"
                     /db_xref="MIM:603691"
     exon            1..471
                     /gene="GALR2"
                     /gene_synonym="GAL2-R; GALNR2; GALR-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             104..1267
                     /gene="GALR2"
                     /gene_synonym="GAL2-R; GALNR2; GALR-2"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="galanin receptor type 2"
                     /protein_id="NP_003848.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS11739.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:8811"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4133"
                     /db_xref="MIM:603691"
                     /translation="MNVSGCPGAGNASQAGGGGGWHPEAVIVPLLFALIFLVGTVGNT
                     LVLAVLLRGGQAVSTTNLFILNLGVADLCFILCCVPFQATIYTLDGWVFGSLLCKAVH
                     FLIFLTMHASSFTLAAVSLDRYLAIRYPLHSRELRTPRNALAAIGLIWGLSLLFSGPY
                     LSYYRQSQLANLTVCHPAWSAPRRRAMDICTFVFSYLLPVLVLGLTYARTLRYLWRAV
                     DPVAAGSGARRAKRKVTRMILIVAALFCLCWMPHHALILCVWFGQFPLTRATYALRIL
                     SHLVSYANSCVNPIVYALVSKHFRKGFRTICAGLLGRAPGRASGRVCAAARGTHSGSV
                     LERESSDLLHMSEAAGALRPCPGASQPCILEPCPGPSWQGPKAGDSILTVDVA"
     exon            472..1373
                     /gene="GALR2"
                     /gene_synonym="GAL2-R; GALNR2; GALR-2"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1345..1350
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GALR2"
                     /gene_synonym="GAL2-R; GALNR2; GALR-2"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1373
                     /gene="GALR2"
                     /gene_synonym="GAL2-R; GALNR2; GALR-2"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 agagtcgcac taggagttgc agcggccgca gccccgggag cttcccgctc gcggagaccc
       61 agacggctgc aggagcccgg gcagcctcgg ggtcagcggc accatgaacg tctcgggctg
      121 cccaggggcc gggaacgcga gccaggcggg cggcggggga ggctggcacc ccgaggcggt
      181 catcgtgccc ctgctcttcg cgctcatctt cctcgtgggc accgtgggca acacgctggt
      241 gctggcggtg ctgctgcgcg gcggccaggc ggtcagcact accaacctgt tcatccttaa
      301 cctgggcgtg gccgacctgt gtttcatcct gtgctgcgtg cccttccagg ccaccatcta
      361 caccctggac ggctgggtgt tcggctcgct gctgtgcaag gcggtgcact tcctcatctt
      421 cctcaccatg cacgccagca gcttcacgct ggccgccgtc tccctggaca ggtatctggc
      481 catccgctac ccgctgcact cccgcgagct gcgcacgcct cgaaacgcgc tggcagccat
      541 cgggctcatc tgggggctgt cgctgctctt ctccgggccc tacctgagct actaccgcca
      601 gtcgcagctg gccaacctga ccgtgtgcca tcccgcgtgg agcgcccctc gccgccgcgc
      661 catggacatc tgcaccttcg tcttcagcta cctgcttcct gtgctggttc tcggcctgac
      721 ctacgcgcgc accttgcgct acctctggcg cgccgtcgac ccggtggccg cgggctcggg
      781 tgcccggcgc gccaagcgca aggtgacacg catgatcctc atcgtggccg cgctcttctg
      841 cctctgctgg atgccccacc acgcgctcat cctctgcgtg tggttcggcc agttcccgct
      901 cacgcgcgcc acttatgcgc ttcgcatcct ctcgcacctg gtctcctacg ccaactcctg
      961 cgtcaacccc atcgtttacg cgctggtctc caagcacttc cgcaaaggct tccgcacgat
     1021 ctgcgcgggc ctgctgggcc gtgccccagg ccgagcctcg ggccgtgtgt gcgctgccgc
     1081 gcggggcacc cacagtggca gcgtgttgga gcgcgagtcc agcgacctgt tgcacatgag
     1141 cgaggcggcg ggggcccttc gtccctgccc cggcgcttcc cagccatgca tcctcgagcc
     1201 ctgtcctggc ccgtcctggc agggcccaaa ggcaggcgac agcatcctga cggttgatgt
     1261 ggcctgaaag cacttagcgg gcgcgctggg atgtcacaga gttggagtca ttgttggggg
     1321 accgtgggga gagctttgcc tgttaataaa acgcacaaac catttcacac aca
//
