LOCUS       NM_015973                749 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 04-APR-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens galanin and GMAP prepropeptide (GAL), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_015973
VERSION     NM_015973.5
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Heo,Y., Ishimoto,N., Jeon,Y.E., Yun,J.H., Ohki,M., Anraku,Y.,
            Sasaki,M., Kita,S., Fukuhara,H., Ikuta,T., Kawakami,K., Inoue,A.,
            Maenaka,K., Tame,J.R.H., Lee,W. and Park,S.Y.
  TITLE     Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin and Gq
            reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding affects the
            G-protein interface
  JOURNAL   PLoS Biol 20 (8), e3001714 (2022)
   PUBMED   35913979
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin
            and Gq reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding
            affects the G-protein interface.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Saad,K., Abdel-Rahman,A.A., Al-Atram,A.A., Abdallah,A.M.,
            Elhoufey,A., Abdelsalam,E.M.N., Nigm,D.A., Elshora,O., Ahmad,A.R.,
            El-Tellawy,M.M. and Mahmoud,K.H.
  TITLE     Serum Galanin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  JOURNAL   Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 53 (2), 300-306 (2022)
   PUBMED   33534034
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Serum Galanin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Xue,Z., Zhang,K., Luo,B., Fan,L., Zhao,R. and Hu,G.
  TITLE     Increased Serum Neuropeptide Galanin Level Is a Predictor of
            Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Hip Fracture
  JOURNAL   Dis Markers 2021, 9141978 (2021)
   PUBMED   34925648
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Increased Serum Neuropeptide Galanin Level Is a Predictor
            of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Hip Fracture.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Brzozowska,M. and Calka,J.
  TITLE     Review: Occurrence and Distribution of Galanin in the Physiological
            and Inflammatory States in the Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract
  JOURNAL   Front Immunol 11, 602070 (2021)
   PUBMED   33552060
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Review: Occurrence and Distribution of Galanin in the
            Physiological and Inflammatory States in the Mammalian
            Gastrointestinal Tract.
            Review article
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   McKnight,G.L., Karlsen,A.E., Kowalyk,S., Mathewes,S.L.,
            Sheppard,P.O., O'Hara,P.J. and Taborsky,G.J. Jr.
  TITLE     Sequence of human galanin and its inhibition of glucose-stimulated
            insulin secretion from RIN cells
  JOURNAL   Diabetes 41 (1), 82-87 (1992)
   PUBMED   1370155
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Schmidt,W.E., Kratzin,H., Eckart,K., Drevs,D., Mundkowski,G.,
            Clemens,A., Katsoulis,S., Schafer,H., Gallwitz,B. and
            Creutzfeldt,W.
  TITLE     Isolation and primary structure of pituitary human galanin, a
            30-residue nonamidated neuropeptide
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 (24), 11435-11439 (1991)
   PUBMED   1722333
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Bersani,M., Johnsen,A.H., Hojrup,P., Dunning,B.E., Andreasen,J.J.
            and Holst,J.J.
  TITLE     Human galanin: primary structure and identification of two
            molecular forms
  JOURNAL   FEBS Lett 283 (2), 189-194 (1991)
   PUBMED   1710578
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Fried,G., Meister,B. and Radestad,A.
  TITLE     Peptide-containing nerves in the human pregnant uterine cervix: an
            immunohistochemical study exploring the effect of RU 486
            (mifepristone)
  JOURNAL   Hum Reprod 5 (7), 870-876 (1990)
   PUBMED   1702449
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Gai,W.P., Geffen,L.B. and Blessing,W.W.
  TITLE     Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus:
            colocalization with vasopressin-containing neurons
  JOURNAL   J Comp Neurol 298 (3), 265-280 (1990)
   PUBMED   1698834
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 749)
  AUTHORS   Burleigh,D.E. and Furness,J.B.
  TITLE     Distribution and actions of galanin and vasoactive intestinal
            peptide in the human colon
  JOURNAL   Neuropeptides 16 (2), 77-82 (1990)
   PUBMED   1701228
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from BM846531.1 and BC030241.1.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On Nov 22, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_015973.4.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a neuroendocrine peptide that is widely
            expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and also
            the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adrenal gland and urogenital
            tract. The encoded protein is a precursor that is proteolytically
            processed to generate two mature peptides: galanin and galanin
            message-associated peptide (GMAP). Galanin has diverse
            physiological functions including nociception, feeding and energy
            homeostasis, osmotic regulation and water balance. GMAP has been
            demonstrated to possess antifungal activity and hypothesized to be
            part of the innate immune system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: AL556409.3, CX163692.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1966682, SAMEA1968540
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000265643.4/ ENSP00000265643.3
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on single protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-238               BM846531.1         30-267
            239-749             BC030241.1         226-736
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..749
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="11"
                     /map="11q13.2"
     gene            1..749
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /note="galanin and GMAP prepropeptide"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51083"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4114"
                     /db_xref="MIM:137035"
     exon            1..189
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             190..561
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /note="galanin-message-associated peptide; galanin
                     peptides; galanin-related peptide; galanin prepropeptide;
                     galanin/GMAP prepropeptide"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="galanin peptides preproprotein"
                     /protein_id="NP_057057.2"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS8183.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51083"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:4114"
                     /db_xref="MIM:137035"
                     /translation="MARGSALLLASLLLAAALSASAGLWSPAKEKRGWTLNSAGYLLG
                     PHAVGNHRSFSDKNGLTSKRELRPEDDMKPGSFDRSIPENNIMRTIIEFLSFLHLKEA
                     GALDRLLDLPAAASSEDIERS"
     exon            190..270
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            271..325
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            326..412
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            413..490
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            491..749
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      732..737
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      749
                     /gene="GAL"
                     /gene_synonym="ETL8; GAL-GMAP; GALN; GLNN; GMAP"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 acaccgggcg gcggacacgt ggagggaccc ggcccgcgcc ttctgcccct gctgccggcc
       61 gcgccatgcg gtgagcgccc caggccgcca gagcccaccc gacccggccc gacgcccgga
      121 cctgccgccc agacccgcca ccgcacccgg accccgacgc tccgaacccg ggcgcagccg
      181 cagctcaaga tggcccgagg cagcgccctc ctgctcgcct ccctcctcct cgccgcggcc
      241 ctttctgcct ctgcggggct ctggtcgccg gccaaggaaa aacgaggctg gaccctgaac
      301 agcgcgggct acctgctggg cccacatgcc gttggcaacc acaggtcatt cagcgacaag
      361 aatggcctca ccagcaagcg ggagctgcgg cccgaagatg acatgaaacc aggaagcttt
      421 gacaggtcca tacctgaaaa caatatcatg cgcacaatca ttgagtttct gtctttcttg
      481 catctcaaag aggccggtgc cctcgaccgc ctcctggatc tccccgccgc agcctcctca
      541 gaagacatcg agcggtcctg agagcctcct gggcatgttt gtctgtgtgc tgtaacctga
      601 agtcaaacct taagataatg gataatcttc ggccaattta tgcagagtca gccattcctg
      661 ttctctttgc cttgatgttg tgttgttatc atttaagatt tttttttttt ggtaattatt
      721 ttgagtggca aaataaagaa tagcaatta
//
