LOCUS       NM_018947               5432 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 19-AUG-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic (CYCS), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_018947
VERSION     NM_018947.6
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Olarewaju,O., Hu,Y., Tsay,H.C., Yuan,Q., Eimterbaumer,S., Xie,Y.,
            Qin,R., Ott,M., Sharma,A.D. and Balakrishnan,A.
  TITLE     MicroRNA miR-20a-5p targets CYCS to inhibit apoptosis in
            hepatocellular carcinoma
  JOURNAL   Cell Death Dis 15 (6), 456 (2024)
   PUBMED   38937450
  REMARK    GeneRIF: MicroRNA miR-20a-5p targets CYCS to inhibit apoptosis in
            hepatocellular carcinoma.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Shafaei Pishabad,Z. and Ledgerwood,E.C.
  TITLE     The Y49H cytochrome c variant enhances megakaryocytic maturation of
            K-562 cells
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1870 (5), 167134 (2024)
   PUBMED   38531481
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The Y49H cytochrome c variant enhances megakaryocytic
            maturation of K-562 cells.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Chin,T.C., Wilbanks,S.M. and Ledgerwood,E.C.
  TITLE     Altered conformational dynamics contribute to species-specific
            effects of cytochrome c mutations on caspase activation
  JOURNAL   J Biol Inorg Chem 29 (2), 169-176 (2024)
   PUBMED   38472487
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Altered conformational dynamics contribute to
            species-specific effects of cytochrome c mutations on caspase
            activation.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Li,Y.Y., Long,S.S., Yu,L., Liu,A.K., Gao,S.Q., Tan,X. and Lin,Y.W.
  TITLE     Effects of naturally occurring S47F/A mutations on the structure
            and function of human cytochrome c
  JOURNAL   J Inorg Biochem 246, 112296 (2023)
   PUBMED   37356378
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Effects of naturally occurring S47F/A mutations on the
            structure and function of human cytochrome c.
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,Z. and Gerstein,M.
  TITLE     The human genome has 49 cytochrome c pseudogenes, including a relic
            of a primordial gene that still functions in mouse
  JOURNAL   Gene 312, 61-72 (2003)
   PUBMED   12909341
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Lynch,S.R., Sherman,D. and Copeland,R.A.
  TITLE     Cytochrome c binding affects the conformation of cytochrome a in
            cytochrome c oxidase
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 267 (1), 298-302 (1992)
   PUBMED   1309738
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Garber,E.A. and Margoliash,E.
  TITLE     Interaction of cytochrome c with cytochrome c oxidase: an
            understanding of the high- to low-affinity transition
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 1015 (2), 279-287 (1990)
   PUBMED   2153405
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Evans,M.J. and Scarpulla,R.C.
  TITLE     The human somatic cytochrome c gene: two classes of processed
            pseudogenes demarcate a period of rapid molecular evolution
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 (24), 9625-9629 (1988)
   PUBMED   2849112
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Bedetti,C.D.
  TITLE     Immunocytochemical demonstration of cytochrome c oxidase with an
            immunoperoxidase method: a specific stain for mitochondria in
            formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human tissues
  JOURNAL   J Histochem Cytochem 33 (5), 446-452 (1985)
   PUBMED   2580882
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 5432)
  AUTHORS   Ng,S., Smith,M.B., Smith,H.T. and Millett,F.
  TITLE     Effect of modification of individual cytochrome c lysines on the
            reaction with cytochrome b5
  JOURNAL   Biochemistry 16 (23), 4975-4978 (1977)
   PUBMED   199233
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from DB447825.1, BC024216.1,
            AC007487.2 and AI365318.1.
            
            On Aug 31, 2019 this sequence version replaced NM_018947.5.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes a small heme protein that functions as a
            central component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.
            The encoded protein associates with the inner membrane of the
            mitochondrion where it accepts electrons from cytochrome b and
            transfers them to the cytochrome oxidase complex. This protein is
            also involved in initiation of apoptosis. Mutations in this gene
            are associated with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic
            thrombocytopenia. Numerous processed pseudogenes of this gene are
            found throughout the human genome.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010].
            
            Sequence Note: This RefSeq record was created from transcript and
            genomic sequence data to make the sequence consistent with the
            reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the
            transcript record were based on transcript alignments.
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: AL713681.1, BC009582.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1968189, SAMEA1968540
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: reported by MitoCarta
            MANE Ensembl match                 :: ENST00000305786.7/
                                                  ENSP00000307786.2
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on single
                                                  protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-89                DB447825.1         102-190
            90-1262             BC024216.1         133-1305
            1263-5344           AC007487.2         16857-20938         c
            5345-5432           AI365318.1         12-99               c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..5432
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="7"
                     /map="7p15.3"
     gene            1..5432
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /note="cytochrome c, somatic"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:54205"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:19986"
                     /db_xref="MIM:123970"
     exon            1..61
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            62..238
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             70..387
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="cytochrome c"
                     /protein_id="NP_061820.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS5393.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:54205"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:19986"
                     /db_xref="MIM:123970"
                     /translation="MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQA
                     PGYSYTAANKNKGIIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKA
                     TNE"
     exon            239..5432
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1237..1242
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /note="hexamer: ATTAAA"
     polyA_site      1262
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      5411..5416
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      5432
                     /gene="CYCS"
                     /gene_synonym="CYC; HCS; THC4"
ORIGIN      
        1 agagagtggg gacgtccggc ttcggagcgg gagtgttcgt tgtgccagcg actaaaaaga
       61 gaattaaata tgggtgatgt tgagaaaggc aagaagattt ttattatgaa gtgttcccag
      121 tgccacaccg ttgaaaaggg aggcaagcac aagactgggc caaatctcca tggtctcttt
      181 gggcggaaga caggtcaggc ccctggatac tcttacacag ccgccaataa gaacaaaggc
      241 atcatctggg gagaggatac actgatggag tatttggaga atcccaagaa gtacatccct
      301 ggaacaaaaa tgatctttgt cggcattaag aagaaggaag aaagggcaga cttaatagct
      361 tatctcaaaa aagctactaa tgagtaataa ttggccactg ccttatttat tacaaaacag
      421 aaatgtctca tgactttttt atgtgtacca tcctttaata gatctcatac accagaattc
      481 agatcatgaa tgactgacag aatattttgt tgggcagtcc tgatttaaaa ctaagactgg
      541 cttgtggtta aatgaatatg ttcagttttt gaattttaat agtaactcca attcagtaaa
      601 tggtatcact gtttacccct tttaaagata tgattagact tcgttagtaa tgttcaactt
      661 ttcacaaaga tggtgagtgc catcttaaaa cttactggag attggtttta tatttagatt
      721 tatataactg gttatgtgaa tatatttaaa tactggggaa attgcttcac tgtcttagaa
      781 ccaagcaaga ttcacctgtg ttttgtgttc atgttcattt gcctcttaaa ggcaagggtt
      841 gaagataaat aaggtagcaa tgtctatagt tttggcctta actatgccaa tctaattata
      901 attccctgta tttaaaatgg tttcttttac ttattgaaag gcattttagt gtggtttatg
      961 tgtaatatta aagattattc aacacctctc acatcttaca gatctataag gtcacatgct
     1021 tttaaaatag tagcaagtta aacttcactc ttgaattctt tacaatctaa gtcaaactaa
     1081 gttataattt aggattgtct ttaaacagcc attcagaaac aaaactgtag aactgtgtat
     1141 ttgattggga atggtgcttt tgccaactta aaaggattaa agtaacggag atatacacaa
     1201 attttaaaat tatgtgtgat cacaagacta aagataatta aaaagaaaac cacagatcat
     1261 gactttttga ctgtgcttga tttcatgact gatgcacaaa ttttaatgat taaaaagtgc
     1321 aggagcccta aatgtcagtg cagcagccct aaatgtcagt gcagcagtgt taaccagtca
     1381 tggtgctaga ttgtttactt ggttttctag gactgcctca actagaataa cacttcacta
     1441 attgactctt agtttctttg ctcagattga gaactgcagc atttatgcca gacatggaca
     1501 gaggaatgcc tgtggtcata gttttgtgat gtgtaacagt gtataattac atactgaatt
     1561 atttcatgca tagtctgtgc catacacatt tagagtagtc cttggagatt ttatggagat
     1621 ggtgagcaca aggtaagtca taaagaataa tgagaaaata aatctatgct ggtgcagctg
     1681 agaactgtat ctttgtggga cagtgagaag actgagaaga tgtgaatcca tggtctcaaa
     1741 ggtgataggg acgattagat aggtgtttta aggcctgaaa gcaatttata acatatgagt
     1801 cttattttta tttatagaaa tgtggaaagc ttgctgtaat tcatatttga agtcctagtc
     1861 tgagttctgg tggggaattt aaaaatgcat cctggaaatc ctttaaagat ttcagacttt
     1921 gaaaggcctt gtagcagagg acttggtgac tgtataaagt tagtggtatt cagggacagt
     1981 gtagcaagta gcttacaagg ggacaattct ggactaatga gaaagacctg aagtgaaggc
     2041 tagagagttg attttttttt tttttggcat cctggaaatg atacaggaaa catattaaga
     2101 tagatacaga aatgtgttca accttccatc ttggctagtt gtggcgttta gtttgttttt
     2161 tgagacatgg tcacgctgtg tcgccaaggc tggagtgcag tggtgcgatc tcggctggct
     2221 gcaacctcta tttcccaggc tcaagcgatt ctctcacttc agcttcccaa gtagctggga
     2281 ctacaggtgt tcgccaccat gcccagctaa tttttttgta gagatggagt tttgccatgt
     2341 ggtcccaggc tggtctcaaa ctcctgagct caagcaatcc gtccacttgc cttggctccc
     2401 caaagtgctg ggattacagg cgtgagccac caggccctgc ctggttttca aattcagaaa
     2461 tcttattatt taacccagaa gtaatcagcc cagtagtaac ttaggtttaa ttttttttca
     2521 ggtttaaaat ttttctcatt tattttttct gagacggagt ttcgcccttt tcgcccaggc
     2581 tgagtacagt ggtgcaatct cactgcaacc tccgccttcc agttgcaagt gattctcctg
     2641 cctcagcctc ctgagtagct gggattacag gcacccgcca ccacgcctgg ctaatttttg
     2701 tatttttagt ggagatggtg tttcaccatg ttggccagac tggtcttgga ctcctgacct
     2761 cgtgatccac ccaccttggc ctcccaaagt tctaggatta caggtgtgag ccaccacgtc
     2821 cggccaattt ttctcatttc tatgcctcct atattaaggt ctgtgttggc acagatgagt
     2881 aactgccatg ttctaggtca gttataccca agcacttctg gtggtttaaa atgtgattct
     2941 gtaacttttt tatttttatt tttttgagat aatttcactc ttgttgccca ggctggagtg
     3001 caatggcgtg atcgctgctc accgcaacct ccgccttcca ggttcaagcg attctcctga
     3061 ctcagcctct caagtagctg ggattacaag catgcgccac catgcccagc ttattttgtg
     3121 tttttagtag agacagggtt tctccatgct ggacaggctg gtcttgaact cccgacgtca
     3181 ggtgatctac ctgcctcggc ctcccaaagt gctgggatta caggcgtgag ccaccacgcc
     3241 tggccaatta tgtaattttt taaaaaggac atttctatca gggatatata ccttcagaaa
     3301 taaggaaata ggggaaaaaa agagcactat aaaccacatg ttttcatttc tagtgcttcg
     3361 ctgtaagtgg ctaggttggt agaatcaaaa acaagggcca gatgtattta aggggtattc
     3421 agatgccacc tacatgctta ttttgtctag aacagtgctg tctaatagaa ctttctgtga
     3481 cgatggatat tttgtagact tttgctgtcc agtgtggtag ccactaacca catgtggctg
     3541 ttaagccctt gaaatatagc tagtgtgact agaaagtatt ttattttaaa tttacatagg
     3601 cacaagtggc tagtggctac tgtattgaca ttctgggtct aggactagaa ccagtggtct
     3661 gtaacaaaag tactttctct ttactctatt aaatctagaa ttagccgggc atggtcgctc
     3721 atgcctgtaa tcccagcact ttgggaggcc aaggcaggca gatcacttga ggtcaggcgt
     3781 ttgagaccag cctggtcaac atggcgaaac cctgtctcta caaaaaacat aaaaattagc
     3841 caggtgtggt ggtgggcacc tgtaatctca gctacttggg aggctgaggc acaagaatca
     3901 cttgaacttg ggaggtggag gttgcagtga gccaagattg tgccactgca ctcaagcctg
     3961 ggtgacgagt gaaactgtct ccaaaaaaaa aaaaaaatct agaattcttg gaagtacatt
     4021 atattgccct tcagaataga ttccagttcc tgttgtgctc acctttataa ttttaccata
     4081 agttttacct attcgtaagt tggcagtttt agatagataa cattctggtg gtagctaggg
     4141 atttaccttt tgtcatcctt ttcctgcact tctcttgaat tcctttatag atgtacagtt
     4201 ttgctttaac cactgaagat tgctgtaaat tataaagggt gtgatagaat ccacatggct
     4261 gtcaagaagg agatcttacc aaggacagtt gactgactag tctcagattg tttcatatca
     4321 tttatacttg ggtaagagta aactagataa ctgggcgtcg tggtgcacac ctgtagtccc
     4381 agccactctg aggcaggagg actgcttgtg cccagaagtt cgaggctgca gtgtagctgt
     4441 gattgtgcta ctgcactcca gcctgggcaa cagataaagg aaactccatc tcttttaaaa
     4501 aaaaaaaaag tggtctgggt gcagtaggtc atgcctgcaa tcccagcact ttgggaggcc
     4561 aaggcaggca gatcacctga ggtcaggagc ttgagaccag cctggccaac atggtgaaac
     4621 cccatctcta ccaaaaatat aaaaactagc tgggcgtggt ggcggcacct gtaattgcag
     4681 ctatttgaga ggctgaggca ggagaatcgc ttgaacctgg gagatggggg ttgcagtgag
     4741 ccaagaccgc cccatcgcac tccagcctgg gcaacaatag tgaaactccg tctcaaaaag
     4801 aaaaaaagtt tccttagaat ggaaaatatt cattcatgag ctcttttggc aatccgtcat
     4861 cagtatattc tgaaaaccaa taagatgttg ccaagttggg ggcgagagct atgtaatgca
     4921 aggcatatgc ctgatgaagt atacaaatac acctgaccag aaactttgtc tcccacataa
     4981 gtctcttcta ggcactgtcg gggtacatac tgagctgctg ctttggctgt attttctgtg
     5041 cctcagaata accattgtcc tggtgttcat atccttagag ttcagtacaa aatgttggat
     5101 atccatttaa taggttccag gttatcttag ttggagtttg gggtatttga aaacgtcatg
     5161 ccttcaggct atcatttccc tcagaaagct aagtaaattt actgcattca tttctcaaag
     5221 agtaaaagtg caggttgtat gtgtctatga acatttaaac atgttaaaat gttaaattta
     5281 acattttaaa tttaaacatt taaatatgtc tgtaacttga acagtgtagt ttcagaaagg
     5341 accactgggc tagtgtaatg cagaaaatgc tgggtctagg attaggagaa aattgtgttt
     5401 agtgtgtatc aataaacagc ccgtggaccc aa
//
