LOCUS       NM_001891               1114 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 23-MAR-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens casein beta (CSN2), transcript variant 1, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_001891 XM_017007760
VERSION     NM_001891.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Luck,K., Kim,D.K., Lambourne,L., Spirohn,K., Begg,B.E., Bian,W.,
            Brignall,R., Cafarelli,T., Campos-Laborie,F.J., Charloteaux,B.,
            Choi,D., Cote,A.G., Daley,M., Deimling,S., Desbuleux,A., Dricot,A.,
            Gebbia,M., Hardy,M.F., Kishore,N., Knapp,J.J., Kovacs,I.A.,
            Lemmens,I., Mee,M.W., Mellor,J.C., Pollis,C., Pons,C.,
            Richardson,A.D., Schlabach,S., Teeking,B., Yadav,A., Babor,M.,
            Balcha,D., Basha,O., Bowman-Colin,C., Chin,S.F., Choi,S.G.,
            Colabella,C., Coppin,G., D'Amata,C., De Ridder,D., De Rouck,S.,
            Duran-Frigola,M., Ennajdaoui,H., Goebels,F., Goehring,L., Gopal,A.,
            Haddad,G., Hatchi,E., Helmy,M., Jacob,Y., Kassa,Y., Landini,S.,
            Li,R., van Lieshout,N., MacWilliams,A., Markey,D., Paulson,J.N.,
            Rangarajan,S., Rasla,J., Rayhan,A., Rolland,T., San-Miguel,A.,
            Shen,Y., Sheykhkarimli,D., Sheynkman,G.M., Simonovsky,E., Tasan,M.,
            Tejeda,A., Tropepe,V., Twizere,J.C., Wang,Y., Weatheritt,R.J.,
            Weile,J., Xia,Y., Yang,X., Yeger-Lotem,E., Zhong,Q., Aloy,P.,
            Bader,G.D., De Las Rivas,J., Gaudet,S., Hao,T., Rak,J.,
            Tavernier,J., Hill,D.E., Vidal,M., Roth,F.P. and Calderwood,M.A.
  TITLE     A reference map of the human binary protein interactome
  JOURNAL   Nature 580 (7803), 402-408 (2020)
   PUBMED   32296183
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Fragoza,R., Das,J., Wierbowski,S.D., Liang,J., Tran,T.N., Liang,S.,
            Beltran,J.F., Rivera-Erick,C.A., Ye,K., Wang,T.Y., Yao,L., Mort,M.,
            Stenson,P.D., Cooper,D.N., Wei,X., Keinan,A., Schimenti,J.C.,
            Clark,A.G. and Yu,H.
  TITLE     Extensive disruption of protein interactions by genetic variants
            across the allele frequency spectrum in human populations
  JOURNAL   Nat Commun 10 (1), 4141 (2019)
   PUBMED   31515488
  REMARK    Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Sun,Y., Zhou,Y., Liu,X., Zhang,F., Yan,L., Chen,L., Wang,X.,
            Ruan,H., Ji,C., Cui,X. and Wang,J.
  TITLE     Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of PDC213, an endogenous
            peptide from human milk
  JOURNAL   Biochem Biophys Res Commun 484 (1), 132-137 (2017)
   PUBMED   28093229
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The PDC213 peptide derived from CSN2 displays
            antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and Y. enterocolitica.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Trivedi,M., Zhang,Y., Lopez-Toledano,M., Clarke,A. and Deth,R.
  TITLE     Differential neurogenic effects of casein-derived opioid peptides
            on neuronal stem cells: implications for redox-based epigenetic
            changes
  JOURNAL   J Nutr Biochem 37, 39-46 (2016)
   PUBMED   27611101
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Data suggest that neurogenesis in neuronal stem cells is
            differentially affected by human and bovine beta-casein-derived
            opioid peptides BCM7 and BCM9; such neurogenic changes are
            accompanied by changes in glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio
            and in S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio,
            indicative of changes in redox and methylation states (including
            DNA methylation).
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Khalili,M.A., Riazi,G., Ahmadian,S., Khodarahmi,R., Khodadadi,S.,
            Afrasiabi,A., Karima,O., Mokhtari,F. and Hoveizi,E.
  TITLE     The role of anionic peptide fragments in 1N4R human tau protein
            aggregation
  JOURNAL   Protein Pept Lett 21 (6), 511-516 (2014)
   PUBMED   24364857
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The acidic fragment of human Abeta (Abeta1-11) and a
            phosphorylated fragment of beta-Casein induced tau fibrillization
            in vitro.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Chiba,T., Kimura,S., Takahashi,K., Morimoto,Y., Sanbe,A., Ueda,H.
            and Kudo,K.
  TITLE     Serotonin suppresses beta-casein expression via inhibition of the
            signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) protein
            phosphorylation in human mammary epithelial cells MCF-12A
  JOURNAL   Biol Pharm Bull 37 (8), 1336-1340 (2014)
   PUBMED   25087955
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Exogenous 5-HT decreased beta-casein expression in MCF-12A
            human mammary epithelial cells and was responsible for inhibiting
            phosphorylation of STAT5, resulting in a decline in lactational
            function.
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Letwin,K., Mizzen,L., Motro,B., Ben-David,Y., Bernstein,A. and
            Pawson,T.
  TITLE     A mammalian dual specificity protein kinase, Nek1, is related to
            the NIMA cell cycle regulator and highly expressed in meiotic germ
            cells
  JOURNAL   EMBO J 11 (10), 3521-3531 (1992)
   PUBMED   1382974
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Menon,R.S., Chang,Y.F., Jeffers,K.F., Jones,C. and Ham,R.G.
  TITLE     Regional localization of human beta-casein gene (CSN2) to 4pter-q21
  JOURNAL   Genomics 13 (1), 225-226 (1992)
   PUBMED   1577486
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Lonnerdal,B., Bergstrom,S., Andersson,Y., Hjalmarsson,K.,
            Sundqvist,A.K. and Hernell,O.
  TITLE     Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding human milk beta-casein
  JOURNAL   FEBS Lett 269 (1), 153-156 (1990)
   PUBMED   2387396
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1114)
  AUTHORS   Menon,R.S. and Ham,R.G.
  TITLE     Human beta-casein: partial cDNA sequence and apparent polymorphism
  JOURNAL   Nucleic Acids Res 17 (7), 2869 (1989)
   PUBMED   2717418
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AC063956.7 and AC108941.4.
            
            On or before Aug 18, 2020 this sequence version replaced
            XM_017007760.1, NM_001891.3.
            
            Summary: This gene is a member of the beta casein family. There are
            two types of casein protein, beta (encoded by this gene) and kappa,
            both of which are secreted in human milk. Beta casein is the
            principal protein in human milk and the primary source of essential
            amino acids for a suckling infant. Beta and kappa casein proteins
            acting together form spherical micelles which bind within them
            important dietary minerals, such as calcium and phosphorous. In
            addition, the C-terminal 14 aa of the protein has antimicrobial
            activity, especially in preterm milk, displaying antibacterial
            activity against S. aureus and Y. enterocolitica. Alternative
            splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by
            RefSeq, Jul 2020].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest
            transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1).
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            RNAseq introns :: mixed sample support SAMEA1968832, SAMEA1968968
                              [ECO:0006172]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            inferred exon combination          :: based on alignments, homology
            MANE Ensembl match                 :: ENST00000353151.4/
                                                  ENSP00000341030.3
            Protein has antimicrobial activity :: PMID: 28093229
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on manual assertion,
                                                  expression, longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-48                AC063956.7         7811-7858           c
            49-111              AC063956.7         3075-3137           c
            112-138             AC063956.7         2183-2209           c
            139-159             AC108941.4         178458-178478       c
            160-204             AC108941.4         178318-178362       c
            205-735             AC108941.4         176683-177213       c
            736-777             AC108941.4         175723-175764       c
            778-1114            AC108941.4         174665-175001       c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1114
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="4"
                     /map="4q13.3"
     gene            1..1114
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /note="casein beta"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:1447"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:2447"
                     /db_xref="MIM:115460"
     exon            1..48
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            49..111
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             61..741
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /note="isoform 1 precursor is encoded by transcript
                     variant 1; beta-casein"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="beta-casein isoform 1 precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_001882.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS3532.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:1447"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:2447"
                     /db_xref="MIM:115460"
                     /translation="MKVLILACLVALALARETIESLSSSEESITEYKQKVEKVKHEDQ
                     QQGEDEHQDKIYPSFQPQPLIYPFVEPIPYGFLPQNILPLAQPAVVLPVPQPEIMEVP
                     KAKDTVYTKGRVMPVLKSPTIPFFDPQIPKLTDLENLHLPLPLLQPLMQQVPQPIPQT
                     LALPPQPLWSVPQPKVLPIPQQVVPYPQRAVPVQALLLNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLA
                     PVHNPISV"
     exon            112..138
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            139..159
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            160..204
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            205..735
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            736..777
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            778..1114
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1094..1099
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1114
                     /gene="CSN2"
                     /gene_synonym="CASB; PDC213"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 atcatccatc cagcactacc ttcacttctc ttcaatcttg gaaaaacgga cttagtagcc
       61 atgaaggtcc tcatcctcgc ctgcctggtg gctcttgctc ttgcaaggga gaccatagaa
      121 agcctttcaa gcagtgagga atctattaca gaatacaagc agaaagttga gaaggttaaa
      181 catgaggacc agcagcaagg agaggatgaa caccaggata aaatctaccc ctctttccag
      241 ccacagcctc tgatctatcc attcgttgaa cctatcccct atggttttct tccacaaaac
      301 attctgcctc ttgctcagcc tgctgtggtg ctgcctgtcc ctcagcctga aataatggaa
      361 gtccctaaag ctaaagacac tgtctacact aagggcagag tgatgcctgt ccttaaatct
      421 ccaacgatac ccttttttga ccctcaaatc ccaaaactca ctgatcttga aaatctgcat
      481 cttcctctgc ctctgctcca gcccttgatg cagcaggtcc ctcagcctat tcctcagact
      541 cttgcacttc cccctcagcc cctgtggtct gttcctcagc ccaaagtcct gcctatcccc
      601 cagcaagtgg tgccctaccc tcagagagct gtgcctgttc aagcccttct gctcaaccaa
      661 gaacttctac ttaaccccac ccaccagatc taccctgtga ctcagccact tgccccagtt
      721 cataacccca ttagtgtcta agaagatttc aaagttaatt ttccctcctt atttttgaat
      781 tgactgagac tggaaatatg atgccttttc cgtctttgta tcacgttacc ccaaattaag
      841 tatgtttgaa tgagtttata tggaaaaaat gaactttgtc cctttattta ttttatatat
      901 tatgtcattc atttaatttg aaatttgact catgaactat ttacattttc caaatcttaa
      961 ttcaactagt accacagaag ttcaatactc atttggaaat gctacaaaca tatcaaacat
     1021 atgtatacaa attgtttctg gaattgtgct tatttttatt tctttaagaa tctatttcct
     1081 ttccagtcat ttcaataaat tattcttaag cata
//
