LOCUS       NM_004077               2915 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 20-SEP-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens citrate synthase (CS), mRNA; nuclear gene for
            mitochondrial product.
ACCESSION   NM_004077
VERSION     NM_004077.3
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,F., Lv,T., Li,J., Lian,J., Wu,H., Jin,Y., Jia,F. and Zhang,X.
  TITLE     Citrate synthase lysine K215 hypoacetylation contributes to
            microglial citrate accumulation and pro-inflammatory functions
            after traumatic brain injury
  JOURNAL   CNS Neurosci Ther 30 (2), e14567 (2024)
   PUBMED   38421106
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Citrate synthase lysine K215 hypoacetylation contributes
            to microglial citrate accumulation and pro-inflammatory functions
            after traumatic brain injury.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Karnecki,K., Swierczynski,J., Steiner,J., Krzyzanowska,M.,
            Kaliszan,M. and Gos,T.
  TITLE     The left-lateralisation of citrate synthase activity in the
            anterior cingulate cortex of male violent suicide victims
  JOURNAL   Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 273 (6), 1225-1232 (2023)
   PUBMED   36350374
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The left-lateralisation of citrate synthase activity in
            the anterior cingulate cortex of male violent suicide victims.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Chhimpa,N., Singh,N., Puri,N. and Kayath,H.P.
  TITLE     The Novel Role of Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase and Citrate in the
            Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease
  JOURNAL   J Alzheimers Dis 94 (s1), S453-S472 (2023)
   PUBMED   37393492
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The Novel Role of Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase and
            Citrate in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease.
            Review article
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Morgenstern,M., Peikert,C.D., Lubbert,P., Suppanz,I., Klemm,C.,
            Alka,O., Steiert,C., Naumenko,N., Schendzielorz,A., Melchionda,L.,
            Muhlhauser,W.W.D., Knapp,B., Busch,J.D., Stiller,S.B.,
            Dannenmaier,S., Lindau,C., Licheva,M., Eickhorst,C., Galbusera,R.,
            Zerbes,R.M., Ryan,M.T., Kraft,C., Kozjak-Pavlovic,V., Drepper,F.,
            Dennerlein,S., Oeljeklaus,S., Pfanner,N., Wiedemann,N. and
            Warscheid,B.
  TITLE     Quantitative high-confidence human mitochondrial proteome and its
            dynamics in cellular context
  JOURNAL   Cell Metab 33 (12), 2464-2483 (2021)
   PUBMED   34800366
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Roosterman,D. and Cottrell,G.S.
  TITLE     Rethinking the Citric Acid Cycle: Connecting Pyruvate Carboxylase
            and Citrate Synthase to the Flow of Energy and Material
  JOURNAL   Int J Mol Sci 22 (2), 604 (2021)
   PUBMED   33435350
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Rethinking the Citric Acid Cycle: Connecting Pyruvate
            Carboxylase and Citrate Synthase to the Flow of Energy and
            Material.
            Review article
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Morgunov,I. and Srere,P.A.
  TITLE     Interaction between citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase.
            Substrate channeling of oxaloacetate
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 273 (45), 29540-29544 (1998)
   PUBMED   9792662
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Goldenthal,M.J., Marin-Garcia,J. and Ananthakrishnan,R.
  TITLE     Cloning and molecular analysis of the human citrate synthase gene
  JOURNAL   Genome 41 (5), 733-738 (1998)
   PUBMED   9809442
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Marin-Garcia,J., Ananthakrishnan,R. and Goldenthal,M.J.
  TITLE     Human mitochondrial function during cardiac growth and development
  JOURNAL   Mol Cell Biochem 179 (1-2), 21-26 (1998)
   PUBMED   9543345
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Beeckmans,S. and Kanarek,L.
  TITLE     Demonstration of physical interactions between consecutive enzymes
            of the citric acid cycle and of the aspartate-malate shuttle. A
            study involving fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthesis
            and aspartate aminotransferase
  JOURNAL   Eur J Biochem 117 (3), 527-535 (1981)
   PUBMED   7285903
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 2915)
  AUTHORS   Herbschleb-Voogt,E., Monteba-van Heuvel,M., Wijnen,L.M.,
            Westerveld,A., Pearson,P.L. and Meera Khan,P.
  TITLE     Chromosomal assignment and regional localization of CS, ENO2,
            GAPDH, LDHB, PEPB, and TPI in man-rodent cell hybrids
  JOURNAL   Cytogenet Cell Genet 22 (1-6), 482-486 (1978)
   PUBMED   318158
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from CB990178.1, AK074956.1 and
            BC000105.1.
            
            On Nov 23, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_004077.2.
            
            Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a Krebs tricarboxylic
            acid cycle enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of citrate from
            oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A. The enzyme is found in nearly
            all cells capable of oxidative metablism. This protein is nuclear
            encoded and transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where the
            mature form is found. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: SRR3476690.938381.1,
                                           SRR1660805.242950.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: mixed sample support SAMEA1965299,
                                           SAMEA1966682 [ECO:0006172]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            gene product(s) localized to mito. :: reported by MitoCarta
            MANE Ensembl match                 :: ENST00000351328.8/
                                                  ENSP00000342056.3
            RefSeq Select criteria             :: based on single
                                                  protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-278               CB990178.1         89-366
            279-2322            AK074956.1         188-2231
            2323-2915           BC000105.1         2024-2616
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..2915
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="12"
                     /map="12q13.3"
     gene            1..2915
                     /gene="CS"
                     /note="citrate synthase"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:1431"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:2422"
                     /db_xref="MIM:118950"
     exon            1..171
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             130..1530
                     /gene="CS"
                     /EC_number="2.3.3.1"
                     /note="citrate synthase, mitochondrial; citrate
                     (Si)-synthase"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="citrate synthase, mitochondrial precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_004068.2"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS8913.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:1431"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:2422"
                     /db_xref="MIM:118950"
                     /translation="MALLTAAARLLGTKNASCLVLAARHASASSTNLKDILADLIPKE
                     QARIKTFRQQHGKTVVGQITVDMMYGGMRGMKGLVYETSVLDPDEGIRFRGFSIPECQ
                     KLLPKAKGGEEPLPEGLFWLLVTGHIPTEEQVSWLSKEWAKRAALPSHVVTMLDNFPT
                     NLHPMSQLSAAVTALNSESNFARAYAQGISRTKYWELIYEDSMDLIAKLPCVAAKIYR
                     NLYREGSGIGAIDSNLDWSHNFTNMLGYTDHQFTELTRLYLTIHSDHEGGNVSAHTSH
                     LVGSALSDPYLSFAAAMNGLAGPLHGLANQEVLVWLTQLQKEVGKDVSDEKLRDYIWN
                     TLNSGRVVPGYGHAVLRKTDPRYTCQREFALKHLPNDPMFKLVAQLYKIVPNVLLEQG
                     KAKNPWPNVDAHSGVLLQYYGMTEMNYYTVLFGVSRALGVLAQLIWSRALGFPLERPK
                     SMSTEGLMKFVDSKSG"
     exon            172..222
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            223..330
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            331..396
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            397..528
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            529..717
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            718..917
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            918..1047
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1048..1149
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1150..1359
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1360..2915
                     /gene="CS"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      2893..2898
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="CS"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      2915
                     /gene="CS"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 ccttcagccg cctcctttca accttgtcaa cccgtcggcg cggcctctgg tgcagcggcg
       61 gcggctcctg ttcctgccgc agctctctcc ctttcttacc tccccaccag atcccggaga
      121 tcgcccgcca tggctttact tactgcggcc gcccggctct tgggaaccaa gaatgcatct
      181 tgtcttgttc ttgcagcccg gcatgccagt gcttcctcca cgaatttgaa agacatattg
      241 gctgacctga tacctaagga gcaggccaga attaagactt tcaggcagca acatggcaag
      301 acggtggtgg gccaaatcac tgtggacatg atgtatggtg gcatgagagg catgaaggga
      361 ttggtctatg aaacatcagt tcttgatcct gatgagggca tccgtttccg aggctttagt
      421 atccctgaat gccagaaact gctacccaag gctaagggtg gggaagaacc cctgcctgag
      481 ggcttatttt ggctgctggt aactggacat atcccaacag aggaacaggt atcttggctc
      541 tcaaaagagt gggcaaagag ggcagctctg ccttcccatg tggtcaccat gctggacaac
      601 tttcccacca atctacaccc catgtctcag ctcagtgcag ctgttacagc cctcaacagt
      661 gaaagtaact ttgcccgagc atatgcacag ggtatcagcc gaaccaagta ctgggagttg
      721 atttatgaag actctatgga tctaatcgca aagctacctt gtgttgcagc aaagatctac
      781 cgaaatctct acagagaagg cagcggtatt ggggccattg actctaacct ggactggtct
      841 cacaatttca ccaacatgtt aggctatact gatcatcagt tcactgagct cacgcgcctg
      901 tacctcacca tccacagtga ccatgagggt ggcaatgtaa gtgcccatac cagccatttg
      961 gtgggcagtg ccctttccga cccttacctg tcctttgcag cagccatgaa cgggctggca
     1021 gggcctctcc atggactggc aaatcaggaa gtgcttgtct ggctaacaca gctgcagaag
     1081 gaagttggca aagatgtgtc agatgagaag ttacgagact acatctggaa cacactcaac
     1141 tcaggacggg ttgttccagg ctatggccat gcagtactaa ggaagactga tccgcgatat
     1201 acctgtcagc gagagtttgc tctgaaacac ctgcctaatg accccatgtt taagttggtt
     1261 gctcagctgt acaagattgt gcccaatgtc ctcttagagc agggtaaagc caagaatcct
     1321 tggcccaatg tagatgctca cagtggggtg ctgctccagt attatggcat gacggagatg
     1381 aattactaca cggtcctgtt tggggtgtca cgagcattgg gtgtactggc acagctcatc
     1441 tggagccgag ccttaggctt ccctctagaa aggcccaagt ccatgagcac agagggtctg
     1501 atgaagtttg tggactctaa gtcagggtaa aactggagac tgggtgaaag tgactaccag
     1561 aaagtgagga agcctaaata aaaagtatac ttttgtttca gggggccttt aaagacttaa
     1621 gattaaatta tatctgaggc actgataata tgtttgaggt taaaatataa attaagactt
     1681 taaaagatga aaaatggtcc cttcttccct aatcagctcc cttcccctgc ctggtatgag
     1741 ttgcccatca tacgcatggt cctggaggat gaccaggact aatgcatgtg gtatgagtag
     1801 gtttggcccc ctcactatct ctagagtgag aatctggctc ctgtttccat gggtcaaagc
     1861 cggttgcaga gaatctgtag tcactttgga gctttagctt ctctgccaag ccctcaataa
     1921 gccagcaaac caggactctg ccccttctgt ttccatagga atcatgttgg atagtcagct
     1981 gtaccaagcc ccttggccct ctcccatgca cacaaacacc tcctagcaag acctgttggt
     2041 tagctggaca tgctttggca atttttttat actaccaagt gaccataaag gcatggcatt
     2101 tgttgtgact ggcacccaat gtttgatttt ttttttaaaa ctatccaatt aaaattaagg
     2161 tctgggagtg ttctgtttcc cattacttta atactcacct cctcccagac tttctacacc
     2221 tgttgcacct caggcagagg atgttctgga cctccccctc ttggtcccta ctagagacct
     2281 ctcaacagat ctgtgggccc agtcattggg ttttatcagt gcttaatgtg aactaagttt
     2341 tttacttcca cagaatacaa gccactacct tctgacctcc ccacccccca ccaaccccca
     2401 tcttttaata tgctgtgggg catagaactc cggaatgacc agcatgatat tttcagagtc
     2461 ttgtccccgg ggtattagca cctctttttg aacagggaat tgattcaaga ttggacatgg
     2521 tctcctctga ttatcaggta ctggggctga gggcattaaa aatagtaagc ctccctcctc
     2581 gtcccctgcc tcaagaaatt gcctccttat ttatcaacat ctttttcctc cctttccctg
     2641 agagctcaca gtacaatgtt tcagaagccc catttgcaca ggttttcagc aactcagaat
     2701 gctctacttc tttttctttg agaaaggatt aagatacact cctgctgtgc ccccatcttt
     2761 cctccaaact cctgcctgtg tttgtgtgga tacccagtcc cagaaccaca ctgttgagtt
     2821 ggacacactg taaacccctg ggtaactgtc aagtcatgat ggagacttca ggttgttctg
     2881 tataaaatgc aaaataaatg tttttattaa caatg
//
