LOCUS       NM_001008708            1309 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 02-MAY-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens ChaC glutathione specific
            gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 2 (CHAC2), transcript variant 1,
            mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_001008708
VERSION     NM_001008708.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1309)
  AUTHORS   Liu,S., Zhuo,L., Chen,L., He,Y., Chen,X., Zhang,H., Zhou,Y., Ni,Z.,
            Zhao,S. and Hu,X.
  TITLE     E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF148 functions as an oncogene in colorectal
            cancer by ubiquitination-mediated degradation of CHAC2
  JOURNAL   Carcinogenesis 45 (4), 247-261 (2024)
   PUBMED   38190483
  REMARK    GeneRIF: E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF148 functions as an oncogene in
            colorectal cancer by ubiquitination-mediated degradation of CHAC2.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1309)
  AUTHORS   Nguyen,Y.T.K., Park,J.S., Jang,J.Y., Kim,K.R., Vo,T.T.L., Kim,K.W.
            and Han,B.W.
  TITLE     Structural and Functional Analyses of Human ChaC2 in Glutathione
            Metabolism
  JOURNAL   Biomolecules 10 (1), 31 (2019)
   PUBMED   31878259
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Structural and Functional Analyses of Human ChaC2 in
            Glutathione Metabolism.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1309)
  AUTHORS   Wang,C.K., Yang,S.C., Hsu,S.C., Chang,F.P., Lin,Y.T., Chen,S.F.,
            Cheng,C.L., Hsiao,M., Lu,F.L. and Lu,J.
  TITLE     CHAC2 is essential for self-renewal and glutathione maintenance in
            human embryonic stem cells
  JOURNAL   Free Radic Biol Med 113, 439-451 (2017)
   PUBMED   29054545
  REMARK    GeneRIF: The data revealed that CHAC2 prevented CHAC1-mediated GSH
            degradation, which suggests that CHAC2 competes with CHAC1 to
            maintain GSH homeostasis.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1309)
  AUTHORS   Liu,S., Fei,W., Shi,Q., Li,Q., Kuang,Y., Wang,C., He,C. and Hu,X.
  TITLE     CHAC2, downregulated in gastric and colorectal cancers, acted as a
            tumor suppressor inducing apoptosis and autophagy through unfolded
            protein response
  JOURNAL   Cell Death Dis 8 (8), e3009 (2017)
   PUBMED   28837156
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Results showed for the first time that CHAC2 was degraded
            by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and CHAC2 expression inhibited
            tumor cell growth, proliferation, migration in vitro and in vivo.
            Mechanistic study showed that CHAC2 induced mitochondrial apoptosis
            and autophagy through unfolded protein response.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1309)
  AUTHORS   Kaur,A., Gautam,R., Srivastava,R., Chandel,A., Kumar,A.,
            Karthikeyan,S. and Bachhawat,A.K.
  TITLE     ChaC2, an Enzyme for Slow Turnover of Cytosolic Glutathione
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 292 (2), 638-651 (2017)
   PUBMED   27913623
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Human and mouse ChaC2 proteins purified in vitro show
            10-20-fold lower catalytic efficiency than ChaC1, although they
            showed comparable Km values
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1309)
  AUTHORS   Kumar,A., Tikoo,S., Maity,S., Sengupta,S., Sengupta,S., Kaur,A. and
            Bachhawat,A.K.
  TITLE     Mammalian proapoptotic factor ChaC1 and its homologues function as
            gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferases acting specifically on glutathione
  JOURNAL   EMBO Rep 13 (12), 1095-1101 (2012)
   PUBMED   23070364
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from BC019239.1 and BC053896.1.
            
            On Nov 23, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_001008708.3.
            
            Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a gamma-glutamyl
            cyclotransferase that catalyzes the conversion of glutathione to
            5-oxoproline and cysteinylglycine. It is thought that this gene is
            upregulated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and that
            the glutathione depletion enhances apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq,
            Sep 2016].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longer isoform
            (1).
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: BC053896.1, SRR1660803.42278.1
                                           [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1965299, SAMEA1966682
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000295304.5/ ENSP00000295304.4
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression,
                                      longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-1263              BC019239.1         17-1279
            1264-1309           BC053896.1         1253-1298
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1309
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="2"
                     /map="2p16.2"
     gene            1..1309
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /note="ChaC glutathione specific
                     gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 2"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:494143"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:32363"
                     /db_xref="MIM:617446"
     exon            1..218
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             84..638
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /EC_number="4.3.2.7"
                     /note="isoform 1 is encoded by transcript variant 1;
                     cation transport regulator-like protein 2; ChaC, cation
                     transport regulator-like 2; gamma-GCT acting on
                     glutathione homolog 2; ChaC cation transport regulator
                     homolog 2; gamma-GCG 2; putative glutathione-specific
                     gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 2"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="glutathione-specific
                     gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 2 isoform 1"
                     /protein_id="NP_001008708.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS33196.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:494143"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:32363"
                     /db_xref="MIM:617446"
                     /translation="MWVFGYGSLIWKVDFPYQDKLVGYITNYSRRFWQGSTDHRGVPG
                     KPGRVVTLVEDPAGCVWGVAYRLPVGKEEEVKAYLDFREKGGYRTTTVIFYPKDPTTK
                     PFSVLLYIGTCDNPDYLGPAPLEDIAEQIFNAAGPSGRNTEYLFELANSIRNLVPEEA
                     DEHLFALEKLVKERLEGKQNLNCI"
     exon            219..254
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            255..1309
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      1237..1242
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      1263
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      1277..1282
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /note="hexamer: CATAAA"
     regulatory      1287..1292
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
                     /note="hexamer: ATTATA"
     polyA_site      1296
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
     polyA_site      1309
                     /gene="CHAC2"
                     /gene_synonym="GCG1"
ORIGIN      
        1 actcgcttac cggaggcttc agtccccggc ggcgcggcga cagctagggt tcacggccac
       61 tggggcagag gagccgcgag aagatgtggg tttttggtta cgggtccctg atctggaagg
      121 tggatttccc ctatcaggac aagctggtcg gatacatcac caactacagc aggcgcttct
      181 ggcagggcag cacggaccac cgcggggtcc ccggcaagcc tggaagagtt gtgactcttg
      241 ttgaagatcc tgcgggatgt gtatggggtg ttgcttacag attgccagta ggaaaggaag
      301 aagaagtaaa agcatacctt gacttcagag aaaaaggagg ctacagaacc acaacagtca
      361 ttttttatcc aaaagatccc acaacaaaac cattcagtgt attgctatat attggaacat
      421 gtgataatcc tgattatctt ggtcctgcac ctctggaaga cattgctgaa caaattttta
      481 atgcagctgg tccaagtgga agaaatacag aatatctttt tgaacttgca aattctatta
      541 ggaaccttgt gccagaagaa gcagatgagc atcttttcgc tttggaaaaa ttagtaaagg
      601 aacgtttaga agggaaacag aacctcaatt gcatataatt tagtcttcag agaattaact
      661 tcagtgcaca atgacaatat gatttggaaa tacgtttact taaagatctt atttttaatg
      721 tagtgaggat attatttaaa cttttatttt aactggaaat gtcctgaaac acatatttaa
      781 aatattggga tacagtgaaa gaaaaattca aattttaata acataaagat ttcctaactt
      841 tatgttattg aacacttact cactagaagt gagttcttta gaaaaataca gtgaaggact
      901 cagttcagtc ttgtttttat cagagtgata atcatcctgt ttcacatccc aatactattt
      961 tgaaattcta aacaattaaa ccaaaattcc aataaatata aggttatgcc ttcaatatat
     1021 tcctatacaa ttctgtaacc atggtttaaa atacacaagc ttaaaataac atgcttagaa
     1081 atacacaata atatgaacag tatttcagcc ttaattgtga atttccttgt tattcaagta
     1141 ttaaatgaaa tcttttgagt ttttagccaa aaattggcat ttttaaaata cgaaaatttc
     1201 cttggaatta taatgtactg tacctcttct tttttaaata aaggcatttt actatatgga
     1261 aaataactca ctaaagcata aattacatta tacaaatcat gatcactaa
//
