LOCUS       NM_148174               4196 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 19-SEP-2024
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1), transcript variant 2,
            mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_148174
VERSION     NM_148174.4
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Xing,Y., Nakahama,T., Wu,Y., Inoue,M., Kim,J.I., Todo,H.,
            Shibuya,T., Kato,Y. and Kawahara,Y.
  TITLE     RNA editing of AZIN1 coding sites is catalyzed by ADAR1 p150 after
            splicing
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 299 (7), 104840 (2023)
   PUBMED   37209819
  REMARK    GeneRIF: RNA editing of AZIN1 coding sites is catalyzed by ADAR1
            p150 after splicing.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Nakamura,K., Shigeyasu,K., Okamoto,K., Matsuoka,H. and Masuyama,H.
  TITLE     ADAR1 and AZIN1 RNA editing function as an oncogene and contributes
            to immortalization in endometrial cancer
  JOURNAL   Gynecol Oncol 166 (2), 326-333 (2022)
   PUBMED   35697535
  REMARK    GeneRIF: ADAR1 and AZIN1 RNA editing function as an oncogene and
            contributes to immortalization in endometrial cancer.
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Wei,Y., Zhang,H., Feng,Q., Wang,S., Shao,Y., Wu,J., Jin,G., Lin,W.,
            Peng,X. and Xu,X.
  TITLE     A novel mechanism for A-to-I RNA-edited AZIN1 in promoting tumor
            angiogenesis in colorectal cancer
  JOURNAL   Cell Death Dis 13 (4), 294 (2022)
   PUBMED   35365616
  REMARK    GeneRIF: A novel mechanism for A-to-I RNA-edited AZIN1 in promoting
            tumor angiogenesis in colorectal cancer.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Huttlin,E.L., Bruckner,R.J., Navarrete-Perea,J., Cannon,J.R.,
            Baltier,K., Gebreab,F., Gygi,M.P., Thornock,A., Zarraga,G., Tam,S.,
            Szpyt,J., Gassaway,B.M., Panov,A., Parzen,H., Fu,S., Golbazi,A.,
            Maenpaa,E., Stricker,K., Guha Thakurta,S., Zhang,T., Rad,R.,
            Pan,J., Nusinow,D.P., Paulo,J.A., Schweppe,D.K., Vaites,L.P.,
            Harper,J.W. and Gygi,S.P.
  TITLE     Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the
            human interactome
  JOURNAL   Cell 184 (11), 3022-3040 (2021)
   PUBMED   33961781
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Chen,L., Li,Y., Lin,C.H., Chan,T.H., Chow,R.K., Song,Y., Liu,M.,
            Yuan,Y.F., Fu,L., Kong,K.L., Qi,L., Li,Y., Zhang,N., Tong,A.H.,
            Kwong,D.L., Man,K., Lo,C.M., Lok,S., Tenen,D.G. and Guan,X.Y.
  TITLE     Recoding RNA editing of AZIN1 predisposes to hepatocellular
            carcinoma
  JOURNAL   Nat Med 19 (2), 209-216 (2013)
   PUBMED   23291631
  REMARK    GeneRIF: edited form has a stronger affinity to antizyme, and the
            resultant higher AZIN1 protein stability promotes cell
            proliferation through the neutralization of antizyme-mediated
            degradation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and cyclin D1
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Paris,A.J., Snapir,Z., Christopherson,C.D., Kwok,S.Y., Lee,U.E.,
            Ghiassi-Nejad,Z., Kocabayoglu,P., Sninsky,J.J., Llovet,J.M.,
            Kahana,C. and Friedman,S.L.
  TITLE     A polymorphism that delays fibrosis in hepatitis C promotes
            alternative splicing of AZIN1, reducing fibrogenesis
  JOURNAL   Hepatology 54 (6), 2198-2207 (2011)
   PUBMED   21837750
  REMARK    GeneRIF: minor allelic SNP variant in 12th exon of AZIN1 associated
            with slower rates of fibrosis progression favors expression of
            novel splice form, AZIN1 SV2, that inhibits expression of
            fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells.
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Lopez-Contreras,A.J., Ramos-Molina,B., Cremades,A. and Penafiel,R.
  TITLE     Antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2/ODCp) stimulates polyamine uptake in
            mammalian cells
  JOURNAL   J Biol Chem 283 (30), 20761-20769 (2008)
   PUBMED   18508777
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Choi,K.S., Suh,Y.H., Kim,W.H., Lee,T.H. and Jung,M.H.
  TITLE     Stable siRNA-mediated silencing of antizyme inhibitor: regulation
            of ornithine decarboxylase activity
  JOURNAL   Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328 (1), 206-212 (2005)
   PUBMED   15670771
  REMARK    GeneRIF: This study also suggests that highly expressed AZI may be
            partly responsible for increased ODC activity and cellular
            transformation.
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Imabayashi,H., Mori,T., Gojo,S., Kiyono,T., Sugiyama,T., Irie,R.,
            Isogai,T., Hata,J., Toyama,Y. and Umezawa,A.
  TITLE     Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and
            chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere
            formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis
  JOURNAL   Exp Cell Res 288 (1), 35-50 (2003)
   PUBMED   12878157
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 4196)
  AUTHORS   Koguchi,K., Kobayashi,S., Hayashi,T., Matsufuji,S., Murakami,Y. and
            Hayashi,S.
  TITLE     Cloning and sequencing of a human cDNA encoding ornithine
            decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 1353 (3), 209-216 (1997)
   PUBMED   9349715
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from BC042404.1, BC013420.2,
            BM716557.1 and AI671875.1.
            
            On Nov 23, 2018 this sequence version replaced NM_148174.3.
            
            Summary: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the antizyme
            inhibitor family, which plays a role in cell growth and
            proliferation by maintaining polyamine homeostasis within the cell.
            Antizyme inhibitors are homologs of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC,
            the key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis) that have lost the
            ability to decarboxylase ornithine; however, retain the ability to
            bind to antizymes. Antizymes negatively regulate intracellular
            polyamine levels by binding to ODC and targeting it for
            degradation, as well as by inhibiting polyamine uptake. Antizyme
            inhibitors function as positive regulators of polyamine levels by
            sequestering antizymes and neutralizing their effect. This gene
            encodes antizyme inhibitor 1, the first member of this gene family
            that is ubiquitously expressed, and is localized in the nucleus and
            cytoplasm. Overexpression of antizyme inhibitor 1 gene has been
            associated with increased proliferation, cellular transformation
            and tumorigenesis. Gene knockout studies showed that homozygous
            mutant mice lacking functional antizyme inhibitor 1 gene died at
            birth with abnormal liver morphology. RNA editing of this gene,
            predominantly in the liver tissue, has been linked to the
            progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Alternatively spliced
            transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by
            RefSeq, Sep 2014].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an internal 5'
            non-coding exon, thus has a shorter 5' UTR compared to variant 1.
            Variants 1 and 2 encode the same isoform (1).
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: SRR1803611.225767.1,
                                           SRR1660809.2822.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: mixed/partial sample support
                                           SAMEA1965299, SAMEA1966682
                                           [ECO:0000350]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000337198.10/ ENSP00000337180.5
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression,
                                      longest protein
            undergoes RNA editing  :: PMID: 23291631
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-1615              BC042404.1         9-1623
            1616-2681           BC013420.2         1738-2803
            2682-3456           BC042404.1         2688-3462
            3457-3956           BM716557.1         211-710
            3957-4196           AI671875.1         7-246               c
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..4196
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="8"
                     /map="8q22.3"
     gene            1..4196
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="antizyme inhibitor 1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51582"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:16432"
                     /db_xref="MIM:607909"
     exon            1..357
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            358..495
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            496..692
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             591..1937
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="isoform 1 is encoded by transcript variant 2;
                     ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="antizyme inhibitor 1 isoform 1"
                     /protein_id="NP_680479.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS6295.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:51582"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:16432"
                     /db_xref="MIM:607909"
                     /translation="MKGFIDDANYSVGLLDEGTNLGNVIDNYVYEHTLTGKNAFFVGD
                     LGKIVKKHSQWQNVVAQIKPFYTVKCNSAPAVLEILAALGTGFACSSKNEMALVQELG
                     VPPENIIYISPCKQVSQIKYAAKVGVNILTCDNEIELKKIARNHPNAKVLLHIATEDN
                     IGGEEGNMKFGTTLKNCRHLLECAKELDVQIIGVKFHVSSACKESQVYVHALSDARCV
                     FDMAGEIGFTMNMLDIGGGFTGTEFQLEEVNHVISPLLDIYFPEGSGVKIISEPGSYY
                     VSSAFTLAVNIIAKKVVENDKFPSGVEKTGSDEPAFMYYMNDGVYGSFASKLSEDLNT
                     IPEVHKKYKEDEPLFTSSLWGPSCDELDQIVESCLLPELNVGDWLIFDNMGADSFHEP
                     SAFNDFQRPAIYYMMSFSDWYEMQDAGITSDSMMKNFFFVPSCIQLSQEDSFSAEA"
     exon            693..866
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            867..1039
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1040..1174
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1175..1256
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1257..1331
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1332..1494
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1495..1610
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1611..1825
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1826..4196
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      2479..2484
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      2501
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      2826..2831
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="hexamer: AGTAAA"
     polyA_site      2845
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      4119..4124
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="hexamer: AATACA"
     polyA_site      4147
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="major polyA site"
     regulatory      4172..4177
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAGA"
     polyA_site      4196
                     /gene="AZIN1"
                     /gene_synonym="AZI; AZI1; AZIA1; OAZI; OAZIN; ODC1L"
ORIGIN      
        1 acactttcag gctctgatcg cggccgcagt ttttcctttt ttcttctgcc gtcgccttct
       61 ctgcctcttc tcatcctttc tcgctctgct gctctgcagt gtgacgagtc cgaatcctct
      121 tcccacccag cccgcgcctt tcttcttttg cctgcgctgt tctatttctc cttcggccgc
      181 cgccgccact gctgcacaca gctggtgtcg gtgccgcgct tttaccccca agtcgttccc
      241 gcagcctatg gcccaggccg ccttgggtat ttctgctcaa ggtaaccaca tccctcttta
      301 aaaattccgc cgaaaaagag aagacgcttt acccgactct ttgggccgtt atctcacggc
      361 gaactttctg accaagtata caactaccca gagggcctag gagaagtgct gtatagagag
      421 cagttcgact tcaacgctga gccaccttgg gaacctagct gatgataggg gggttccatc
      481 tcccaacttg tccattttgt tgcatattct aaggacccag acataggctt ggtggcccgt
      541 ctcttgtctt tcctggttta tgactttcgg ctttgtggaa tacggctgag atgaaaggat
      601 ttattgatga tgcaaactac tccgttggcc tgttggatga aggaacaaac cttggaaatg
      661 ttattgataa ctatgtttat gaacataccc tgacagggaa aaatgcattt tttgtgggag
      721 atcttggaaa gattgtgaag aaacacagtc aatggcagaa tgtagtggct cagataaagc
      781 cattctacac agtgaagtgc aactctgctc cagctgtact tgagattttg gcagctcttg
      841 gaaccggatt tgcttgttcc agtaaaaatg aaatggcttt agtgcaagag ttgggtgtac
      901 ctccagaaaa cattatttac ataagtcctt gcaagcaagt gtctcagata aagtatgcag
      961 caaaagttgg agtgaatatc ctgacatgtg acaatgaaat tgaattgaag aaaattgcac
     1021 gtaatcaccc aaatgccaag gtcttactac atattgcaac agaagataat attggaggtg
     1081 aagagggtaa catgaagttt ggcactaccc tgaagaactg taggcatctc ttggaatgtg
     1141 ctaaggaact tgatgtccaa ataattgggg ttaaatttca tgtttcgagt gcttgcaaag
     1201 aatctcaagt atatgtacat gctctatctg atgctcgatg tgtgtttgac atggctggag
     1261 aaattggctt tacgatgaac atgttagaca ttggtggagg attcacggga actgaatttc
     1321 aattggaaga ggttaatcat gttatcagcc ctctgttgga tatctacttt cctgaaggat
     1381 ctggtgttaa gataatttca gaacccggaa gctactatgt gtcttctgca tttacactcg
     1441 cagttaatat catagcaaag aaagttgttg aaaatgataa atttccctct ggagtagaaa
     1501 aaaccggaag tgatgaacca gccttcatgt attatatgaa tgatggtgtt tatggttctt
     1561 ttgcaagtaa actgtctgag gacttaaata ccattccaga ggttcacaag aaatacaagg
     1621 aagatgagcc tctgtttaca agcagccttt ggggtccatc ctgtgatgag cttgatcaaa
     1681 ttgtggaaag ctgtcttctt cctgagctga atgtgggaga ttggcttatc tttgataaca
     1741 tgggagcaga ttctttccat gaaccatctg cttttaatga ttttcagagg ccagccattt
     1801 attacatgat gtcattcagt gattggtatg agatgcaaga tgctggaatt acttcagact
     1861 caatgatgaa gaacttcttc tttgtgcctt cttgcattca gctgagccaa gaagacagct
     1921 tttccgctga agcttaaaca ggcattaacg cttctttaga tctgaagttg caggttaagc
     1981 ttgtctggtc aacattccag tgtggaaaaa taatttaaac aatcttattc tcttaattct
     2041 tttggcaaca aaaactatta gtaatagcta tttgggacca gacaaaatca gctttcatct
     2101 ataattcatt ggggataatg ggagatttag ataatgtatc cagatttaaa cctaccagtt
     2161 tgtcctaccc cttaagcgtt taaaataaaa tatgcaacaa aatggatgac ttagtggaga
     2221 tggaagccca ttaattgggt tccccattaa atcgtttaca tacaagaaca cagtttttat
     2281 actaaggatt tgtgtttaaa gtcttgtaaa gttcatgtct ttcacccaga tatatcaaat
     2341 gttagaagac cagtgtgact tcattagata acgtttagtg tatttagaat gtgtaaattt
     2401 gtgctttgaa ctgtagttta ataaatgtaa aattgcatca tagtatttgt tgacctaatg
     2461 taacccttgt atgattgcaa taaaattttg tgtagatttt actgtttttt caggctaaaa
     2521 ctttgggaaa ggggctagct agcaaaggta gttttgaaat agatgtgtat atggactgtt
     2581 ttgaagggtt tttttcttta tagcccagtt aagttttgtt tggctcggtg catttttcat
     2641 ttatttaatt agtaatttaa gtaaagtgtt tggtaaatca ttgtgaagtt cagattcatt
     2701 atggagagtt gatgtgcagt aagcatgatg tttaacaatt ttaacaccaa aaatgttaat
     2761 cctgcataaa tcaactgtaa taataaatag gtgtttctgt atagatagaa tgcatagagt
     2821 accttagtaa atctttgaat cacaatcttt tggctgaaat ggaagattct gttaaatact
     2881 ttgaataaac ttggggggag ggaaataaaa ttgcagaaaa ctgcagagca ctaaaactta
     2941 aagaagggct acatctttat ccagaaacct gttgctcttt tgcacggaat gtttaaattc
     3001 agagttggga tgggggttgg ggtgaagcac acttattatc ttcagttgca gtgatttcaa
     3061 atttaggatt ttttgttgtt ggtttgaact gtccccttag tttcttgtta tttccaattt
     3121 gttctgctta gtcattactt ttaattcttt tcttactaaa attttatggt ggttggggga
     3181 agggagttag catcactaac ctgacagttg ttgccaggaa tttgctttgt ttactgctag
     3241 tatattagaa atcctagatc tcagaatcac aatagtaata aacaacaggg gtcatttttt
     3301 cctaacttac tctgtgttca ggtgtggaat ttctgtctcc caagaggaaa tgtgacttca
     3361 ctttggtgcc aatggacaga aaattctacc tgtgctacat aggagaagtt tggaatgcac
     3421 ttaatagctg gtttttacac cttgatttcg aggtggaaag aaattgatca tgaatctcta
     3481 ataaatttaa atctcttaaa ccagtaggtg cttaatattt tttgatttga ttaatgccca
     3541 tttaaatctc atgggttcta ttaaaaatat atatatatag ggccccaatc cattgccatc
     3601 aaattgccct tggacttttc caaggtatat tatggggttt tatgcaaaat tccaagctac
     3661 catgtaactt tttttaacca tttaacaagg agggggaact gtttcctacc ttctttacat
     3721 gttgtgcatt gttgtggtcc agaaatgcca aaccttttta aagatggtgc aactttgagt
     3781 ccttggcttg actatacagg ccttgaactt catggcatat caactttgcc atatctgcag
     3841 gagagctgtt ctataagaaa tagctcagag ttgcaaatat cacatgtgaa tgatacggta
     3901 acttttaaga aatgtctgta ttgtatttga agactgtttg ccataaatct gaaatttgaa
     3961 cctatgtatt tcaatttggt atgctaaaaa gttctgaatt aatgtaaagt tttttgttat
     4021 aatattgtaa tctcagttca aaagttaact gcaaatataa aacccaatga tttctatata
     4081 gtaaattgaa ctgtaaaggt aacttgtgtg tgattctgaa tacatagata aatgttttta
     4141 ttcctcatgt tttactttgg cttctatctg aaatagaggt aaaattttac atatca
//
