LOCUS       NM_001134               2426 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 12-JUN-2025
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens alpha fetoprotein (AFP), transcript variant 1, mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_001134
VERSION     NM_001134.3
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,Y.F., Lin,S., Zhen,X. and Ho,M.
  TITLE     A proteomic atlas of glypican-3 interacting partners:
            Identification of alpha-fetoprotein and other extracellular
            proteins as potential immunotherapy targets in liver cancer
  JOURNAL   Proteoglycan Res 2 (4) (2024)
   PUBMED   39822733
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Liu,K., Wu,C., Zhu,M., Xu,J., Lin,B., Lin,H., Liu,Z. and Li,M.
  TITLE     Structural characteristics of alpha-fetoprotein, including
            N-glycosylation, metal ion and fatty acid binding sites
  JOURNAL   Commun Biol 7 (1), 505 (2024)
   PUBMED   38678117
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Structural characteristics of alpha-fetoprotein, including
            N-glycosylation, metal ion and fatty acid binding sites.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Yeo,Y.H., Lee,Y.T., Tseng,H.R., Zhu,Y., You,S., Agopian,V.G. and
            Yang,J.D.
  TITLE     Alpha-fetoprotein: Past, present, and future
  JOURNAL   Hepatol Commun 8 (5), e0422 (2024)
   PUBMED   38619448
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Alpha-fetoprotein: Past, present, and future.
            Review article
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Song,H., Wang,J., Zhang,H., Wu,Y., Wang,K., Wang,X. and Xu,X.
  TITLE     Combination of serum alpha-fetoprotein, PIVKA- and glypican-3 in
            diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis
  JOURNAL   Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 53 (1), 131-139 (2024)
   PUBMED   38310085
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Combination of serum alpha-fetoprotein, PIVKA- and
            glypican-3 in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a
            meta-analysis.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Chaudhuri,A.G., Samanta,S., Dey,M., Raviraja,N.S. and Dey,S.
  TITLE     Role of Alpha-Fetoprotein in the Pathogenesis of Cancer
  JOURNAL   J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 43 (2), 57-76 (2024)
   PUBMED   38505913
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Role of Alpha-Fetoprotein in the Pathogenesis of Cancer.
            Review article
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Pucci,P., Siciliano,R., Malorni,A., Marino,G., Tecce,M.F.,
            Ceccarini,C. and Terrana,B.
  TITLE     Human alpha-fetoprotein primary structure: a mass spectrometric
            study
  JOURNAL   Biochemistry 30 (20), 5061-5066 (1991)
   PUBMED   1709810
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Aoyagi,Y., Ikenaka,T. and Ichida,F.
  TITLE     alpha-Fetoprotein as a carrier protein in plasma and its
            bilirubin-binding ability
  JOURNAL   Cancer Res 39 (9), 3571-3574 (1979)
   PUBMED   89900
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Aoyagi,Y., Ikenaka,T. and Ichida,F.
  TITLE     Copper(II)-binding ability of human alpha-fetoprotein
  JOURNAL   Cancer Res 38 (10), 3483-3486 (1978)
   PUBMED   80265
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Aoyagi,Y., Ikenaka,T. and Ichida,F.
  TITLE     Comparative chemical structures of human alpha-fetoproteins from
            fetal serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma
  JOURNAL   Cancer Res 37 (10), 3663-3667 (1977)
   PUBMED   71198
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 2426)
  AUTHORS   Yachnin,S., Hsu,R., Heinrikson,R.L. and Miller,J.B.
  TITLE     Studies on human alpha-fetoprotein. Isolation and characterization
            of monomeric and polymeric forms and amino-terminal sequence
            analysis
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 493 (2), 418-428 (1977)
   PUBMED   70228
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AC108157.3.
            This sequence is a reference standard in the RefSeqGene project.
            
            On May 17, 2019 this sequence version replaced NM_001134.2.
            
            Summary: This gene encodes alpha-fetoprotein, a major plasma
            protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal life.
            Alpha-fetoprotein expression in adults is often associated with
            hepatocarcinoma and with teratoma, and has prognostic value for
            managing advanced gastric cancer. However, hereditary persistance
            of alpha-fetoprotein may also be found in individuals with no
            obvious pathology. The protein is thought to be the fetal
            counterpart of serum albumin, and the alpha-fetoprotein and albumin
            genes are present in tandem in the same transcriptional orientation
            on chromosome 4. Alpha-fetoprotein is found in monomeric as well as
            dimeric and trimeric forms, and binds copper, nickel, fatty acids
            and bilirubin. The level of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid is
            used to measure renal loss of protein to screen for spina bifida
            and anencephaly. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2019].
            
            Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer
            transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: V01514.1, BC027881.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMN03267750, SAMN03267752
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000395792.7/ ENSP00000379138.2
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on conservation, expression,
                                      longest protein
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: full length.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-127               AC108157.3         102069-102195
            128-179             AC108157.3         103008-103059
            180-312             AC108157.3         104022-104154
            313-524             AC108157.3         106450-106661
            525-657             AC108157.3         108144-108276
            658-755             AC108157.3         109195-109292
            756-885             AC108157.3         110841-110970
            886-1100            AC108157.3         113310-113524
            1101-1233           AC108157.3         115183-115315
            1234-1331           AC108157.3         115884-115981
            1332-1470           AC108157.3         116463-116601
            1471-1694           AC108157.3         118249-118472
            1695-1827           AC108157.3         119613-119745
            1828-1882           AC108157.3         121084-121138
            1883-2426           AC108157.3         121479-122022
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..2426
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="4"
                     /map="4q13.3"
     gene            1..2426
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /note="alpha fetoprotein"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:174"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:317"
                     /db_xref="MIM:104150"
     exon            1..127
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             43..1872
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /note="isoform 1 precursor is encoded by transcript
                     variant 1; alpha-fetoglobulin; alpha-1-fetoprotein"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="alpha-fetoprotein isoform 1 precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_001125.1"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS3556.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:174"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:317"
                     /db_xref="MIM:104150"
                     /translation="MKWVESIFLIFLLNFTESRTLHRNEYGIASILDSYQCTAEISLA
                     DLATIFFAQFVQEATYKEVSKMVKDALTAIEKPTGDEQSSGCLENQLPAFLEELCHEK
                     EILEKYGHSDCCSQSEEGRHNCFLAHKKPTPASIPLFQVPEPVTSCEAYEEDRETFMN
                     KFIYEIARRHPFLYAPTILLWAARYDKIIPSCCKAENAVECFQTKAATVTKELRESSL
                     LNQHACAVMKNFGTRTFQAITVTKLSQKFTKVNFTEIQKLVLDVAHVHEHCCRGDVLD
                     CLQDGEKIMSYICSQQDTLSNKITECCKLTTLERGQCIIHAENDEKPEGLSPNLNRFL
                     GDRDFNQFSSGEKNIFLASFVHEYSRRHPQLAVSVILRVAKGYQELLEKCFQTENPLE
                     CQDKGEEELQKYIQESQALAKRSCGLFQKLGEYYLQNAFLVAYTKKAPQLTSSELMAI
                     TRKMAATAATCCQLSEDKLLACGEGAADIIIGHLCIRHEMTPVNPGVGQCCTSSYANR
                     RPCFSSLVVDETYVPPAFSDDKFIFHKDLCQAQGVALQTMKQEFLINLVKQKPQITEE
                     QLEAVIADFSGLLEKCCQGQEQEVCFAEEGQKLISKTRAALGV"
     exon            128..179
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            180..312
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            313..524
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            525..657
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            658..755
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            756..885
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            886..1100
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1101..1233
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1234..1331
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1332..1470
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1471..1694
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1695..1827
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1828..1882
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            1883..2426
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     regulatory      2009..2014
                     /regulatory_class="polyA_signal_sequence"
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /note="hexamer: AATAAA"
     polyA_site      2040
                     /gene="AFP"
                     /gene_synonym="AFPD; FETA; HPAFP"
                     /note="major polyA site"
ORIGIN      
        1 attgtgcttc caccactgcc aataacaaaa taactagcaa ccatgaagtg ggtggaatca
       61 atttttttaa ttttcctact aaattttact gaatccagaa cactgcatag aaatgaatat
      121 ggaatagctt ccatattgga ttcttaccaa tgtactgcag agataagttt agctgacctg
      181 gctaccatat tttttgccca gtttgttcaa gaagccactt acaaggaagt aagcaaaatg
      241 gtgaaagatg cattgactgc aattgagaaa cccactggag atgaacagtc ttcagggtgt
      301 ttagaaaacc agctacctgc ctttctggaa gaactttgcc atgagaaaga aattttggag
      361 aagtacggac attcagactg ctgcagccaa agtgaagagg gaagacataa ctgttttctt
      421 gcacacaaaa agcccactcc agcatcgatc ccacttttcc aagttccaga acctgtcaca
      481 agctgtgaag catatgaaga agacagggag acattcatga acaaattcat ttatgagata
      541 gcaagaaggc atcccttcct gtatgcacct acaattcttc tttgggctgc tcgctatgac
      601 aaaataattc catcttgctg caaagctgaa aatgcagttg aatgcttcca aacaaaggca
      661 gcaacagtta caaaagaatt aagagaaagc agcttgttaa atcaacatgc atgtgcagta
      721 atgaaaaatt ttgggacccg aactttccaa gccataactg ttactaaact gagtcagaag
      781 tttaccaaag ttaattttac tgaaatccag aaactagtcc tggatgtggc ccatgtacat
      841 gagcactgtt gcagaggaga tgtgctggat tgtctgcagg atggggaaaa aatcatgtcc
      901 tacatatgtt ctcaacaaga cactctgtca aacaaaataa cagaatgctg caaactgacc
      961 acgctggaac gtggtcaatg tataattcat gcagaaaatg atgaaaaacc tgaaggtcta
     1021 tctccaaatc taaacaggtt tttaggagat agagatttta accaattttc ttcaggggaa
     1081 aaaaatatct tcttggcaag ttttgttcat gaatattcaa gaagacatcc tcagcttgct
     1141 gtctcagtaa ttctaagagt tgctaaagga taccaggagt tattggagaa gtgtttccag
     1201 actgaaaacc ctcttgaatg ccaagataaa ggagaagaag aattacagaa atacatccag
     1261 gagagccaag cattggcaaa gcgaagctgc ggcctcttcc agaaactagg agaatattac
     1321 ttacaaaatg cgtttctcgt tgcttacaca aagaaagccc cccagctgac ctcgtcggag
     1381 ctgatggcca tcaccagaaa aatggcagcc acagcagcca cttgttgcca actcagtgag
     1441 gacaaactat tggcctgtgg cgagggagcg gctgacatta ttatcggaca cttatgtatc
     1501 agacatgaaa tgactccagt aaaccctggt gttggccagt gctgcacttc ttcatatgcc
     1561 aacaggaggc catgcttcag cagcttggtg gtggatgaaa catatgtccc tcctgcattc
     1621 tctgatgaca agttcatttt ccataaggat ctgtgccaag ctcagggtgt agcgctgcaa
     1681 acaatgaagc aagagtttct cattaacctt gtgaagcaaa agccacaaat aacagaggaa
     1741 caacttgagg ctgtcattgc agatttctca ggcctgttgg agaaatgctg ccaaggccag
     1801 gaacaggaag tctgctttgc tgaagaggga caaaaactga tttcaaaaac tcgtgctgct
     1861 ttgggagttt aaattacttc aggggaagag aagacaaaac gagtctttca ttcggtgtga
     1921 acttttctct ttaattttaa ctgatttaac actttttgtg aattaatgaa atgataaaga
     1981 cttttatgtg agatttcctt atcacagaaa taaaatatct ccaaatgttt ccttttccaa
     2041 gtttgcttat ttatgaaaag ttatcgataa tttctttagt tttgtatacc attgtctgaa
     2101 gcagattctg ttaaaatagc attaagtgtt ggttattata ggagattaaa gctatccaag
     2161 gatggattta cagcactaga tcacttggtg aactgaaaaa tgttcccaag ttaaacacta
     2221 tttgatgcta ccagggcatt ttgtttatta aatgaccatc actgaagtat tctaacagat
     2281 aatctggaga tgagaaaaga aattattatt cttctatggg atctaagaaa atttaacatc
     2341 tacttttttt ctcaatcttg ttcagttctc tattcacaga cattttaaaa cataagaata
     2401 ttacagtttt gattgaatat aattaa
//
