LOCUS       NM_001097               1430 bp    mRNA    linear   PRI 28-APR-2025
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens acrosin (ACR), mRNA.
ACCESSION   NM_001097 XM_003403747
VERSION     NM_001097.3
KEYWORDS    RefSeq; MANE Select.
SOURCE      Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Lin,M., Ling,P., He,Q., Chen,D., Zheng,L., Tang,L. and Jiang,S.W.
  TITLE     Low acrosin activity is associated with decreased Spam1/acrosin
            expression and GSH deficiency-caused premature acrosome release of
            human sperm cells
  JOURNAL   Cell Tissue Res 394 (3), 529-545 (2023)
   PUBMED   37833433
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Low acrosin activity is associated with decreased
            Spam1/acrosin expression and GSH deficiency-caused premature
            acrosome release of human sperm cells.
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Hua,R., Xue,R., Liu,Y., Li,Y., Sha,X., Li,K., Gao,Y., Shen,Q.,
            Lv,M., Xu,Y., Zhang,Z., He,X., Cao,Y. and Wu,H.
  TITLE     ACROSIN deficiency causes total fertilization failure in humans by
            preventing the sperm from penetrating the zona pellucida
  JOURNAL   Hum Reprod 38 (6), 1213-1223 (2023)
   PUBMED   37004249
REFERENCE   3  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Zhang,G., Yang,W., Zou,P., Jiang,F., Zeng,Y., Chen,Q., Sun,L.,
            Yang,H., Zhou,N., Wang,X., Liu,J., Cao,J., Zhou,Z. and Ao,L.
  TITLE     Mitochondrial functionality modifies human sperm acrosin activity,
            acrosome reaction capability and chromatin integrity
  JOURNAL   Hum Reprod 34 (1), 3-11 (2019)
   PUBMED   30428044
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Study revealed significantly higher acrosin activity and a
            lower DNA fragmentation index in subjects with moderate or high
            mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) compared to those with low
            MMP.
REFERENCE   4  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Dorosh,A., Tepla,O., Zatecka,E., Ded,L., Koci,K. and Peknicova,J.
  TITLE     Expression analysis of MND1/GAJ, SPATA22, GAPDHS and ACR genes in
            testicular biopsies from non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients
  JOURNAL   Reprod Biol Endocrinol 11, 42 (2013)
   PUBMED   23675907
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Data indicate that the positive expression of studied
            genes fertilization rate for GAPDHS positive subset was 66%, ACR -
            71%, SPATA22 - 68%, MND1 - 70%, pregnancy rates were 8%, 6%, 18%
            and 36% respectively.
            Publication Status: Online-Only
REFERENCE   5  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Zheng,J.J., Yang,X., Zhang,L.Y., Fei,Q.J., Pan,C.S., Ni,W.H.,
            Jin,J.Y. and Huang,X.F.
  TITLE     [Sperm DNA damage and sperm-nucleoprotein transition correlate to
            acrosin activity and seminal parameters]
  JOURNAL   Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 18 (10), 925-929 (2012)
   PUBMED   23297503
  REMARK    GeneRIF: Sperm DNA damage is closely related with
            sperm-nucleoprotein transition, acrosin activity and seminal
            parameters.
REFERENCE   6  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Vazquez-Levin,M.H., Reventos,J. and Gordon,J.W.
  TITLE     Molecular cloning, sequencing and restriction mapping of the
            genomic sequence encoding human proacrosin
  JOURNAL   Eur J Biochem 207 (1), 23-6 (1992)
   PUBMED   1628652
REFERENCE   7  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Kremling,H., Keime,S., Wilhelm,K., Adham,I.M., Hameister,H. and
            Engel,W.
  TITLE     Mouse proacrosin gene: nucleotide sequence, diploid expression, and
            chromosomal localization
  JOURNAL   Genomics 11 (4), 828-834 (1991)
   PUBMED   1783391
REFERENCE   8  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Klemm,U., Muller-Esterl,W. and Engel,W.
  TITLE     Acrosin, the peculiar sperm-specific serine protease
  JOURNAL   Hum Genet 87 (6), 635-641 (1991)
   PUBMED   1937464
  REMARK    Review article
REFERENCE   9  (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Slomski,R., Schloesser,M., Chlebowska,H., Reiss,J. and Engel,W.
  TITLE     Detection of human spermatid-specific transcripts in peripheral
            blood lymphocytes of males and females
  JOURNAL   Hum Genet 87 (3), 307-310 (1991)
   PUBMED   1907596
REFERENCE   10 (bases 1 to 1430)
  AUTHORS   Keime,S., Adham,I.M. and Engel,W.
  TITLE     Nucleotide sequence and exon-intron organization of the human
            proacrosin gene
  JOURNAL   Eur J Biochem 190 (1), 195-200 (1990)
   PUBMED   2114285
COMMENT     REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has been curated by NCBI staff. The
            reference sequence was derived from AC000036.5, DB054152.1,
            CR456366.1, Y00970.1 and AC002056.1.
            
            On May 17, 2019 this sequence version replaced NM_001097.2.
            
            Summary: Acrosin is the major proteinase present in the acrosome of
            mature spermatozoa. It is a typical serine proteinase with
            trypsin-like specificity. It is stored in the acrosome in its
            precursor form, proacrosin. The active enzyme functions in the
            lysis of the zona pellucida, thus facilitating penetration of the
            sperm through the innermost glycoprotein layers of the ovum. The
            mRNA for proacrosin is synthesized only in the postmeiotic stages
            of spermatogenesis. In humans proacrosin first appears in the
            haploid spermatids. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
            
            Publication Note:  This RefSeq record includes a subset of the
            publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene
            record to access additional publications.
            
            ##Evidence-Data-START##
            Transcript exon combination :: Y00970.1, CR456366.1 [ECO:0000332]
            RNAseq introns              :: single sample supports all introns
                                           SAMEA1968968, SAMEA2148093
                                           [ECO:0000348]
            ##Evidence-Data-END##
            
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-START##
            MANE Ensembl match     :: ENST00000216139.10/ ENSP00000216139.5
            RefSeq Select criteria :: based on single protein-coding transcript
            ##RefSeq-Attributes-END##
            COMPLETENESS: complete on the 3' end.
PRIMARY     REFSEQ_SPAN         PRIMARY_IDENTIFIER PRIMARY_SPAN        COMP
            1-20                AC000036.5         40454-40473
            21-25               DB054152.1         1-5
            26-917              CR456366.1         1-892
            918-943             Y00970.1           902-927
            944-1303            CR456366.1         919-1278
            1304-1390           Y00970.1           1288-1374
            1391-1430           AC002056.1         22120-22159
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..1430
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /mol_type="mRNA"
                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /chromosome="22"
                     /map="22q13.33"
     gene            1..1430
                     /gene="ACR"
                     /gene_synonym="SPGF87"
                     /note="acrosin"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:49"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:126"
                     /db_xref="MIM:102480"
     exon            1..109
                     /gene="ACR"
                     /gene_synonym="SPGF87"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     CDS             33..1298
                     /gene="ACR"
                     /gene_synonym="SPGF87"
                     /EC_number="3.4.21.10"
                     /note="preproacrosin; proacrosin; acrosin light and heavy
                     chain prepropeptide"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="acrosin precursor"
                     /protein_id="NP_001088.2"
                     /db_xref="CCDS:CCDS14101.1"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:49"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:HGNC:126"
                     /db_xref="MIM:102480"
                     /translation="MVEMLPTAILLVLAVSVVAKDNATCDGPCGLRFRQNPQGGVRIV
                     GGKAAQHGAWPWMVSLQIFTYNSHRYHTCGGSLLNSRWVLTAAHCFVGKNNVHDWRLV
                     FGAKEITYGNNKPVKAPLQERYVEKIIIHEKYNSATEGNDIALVEITPPISCGRFIGP
                     GCLPHFKAGLPRGSQSCWVAGWGYIEEKAPRPSSILMEARVDLIDLDLCNSTQWYNGR
                     VQPTNVCAGYPVGKIDTCQGDSGGPLMCKDSKESAYVVVGITSWGVGCARAKRPGIYT
                     ATWPYLNWIASKIGSNALRMIQSATPPPPTTRPPPIRPPFSHPISAHLPWYFQPPPRP
                     LPPRPPAAQPRPPPSPPPPPPPPASPLPPPPPPPPPTPSSTTKLPQGLSFAKRLQQLI
                     EVLKGKTYSDGKNHYDMETTELPELTSTS"
     exon            110..313
                     /gene="ACR"
                     /gene_synonym="SPGF87"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            314..597
                     /gene="ACR"
                     /gene_synonym="SPGF87"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            598..743
                     /gene="ACR"
                     /gene_synonym="SPGF87"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
     exon            744..1430
                     /gene="ACR"
                     /gene_synonym="SPGF87"
                     /inference="alignment:Splign:2.1.0"
ORIGIN      
        1 actaggcttg caggccaggc agtgccagga gtatggttga gatgctacca actgccattc
       61 tgctggtctt ggcagtgtcc gtggttgcta aagataacgc cacgtgtgat ggcccctgtg
      121 ggttacggtt caggcaaaac ccacagggtg gtgtccgcat cgtcggcggg aaggctgcac
      181 agcatggggc ctggccctgg atggtcagcc tccagatctt cacgtacaac agccacaggt
      241 accacacatg tggaggcagc ttgctgaatt cacgatgggt gctcactgct gctcactgct
      301 tcgtcggcaa aaataatgtg catgactgga gactggtttt cggagcaaag gaaattacat
      361 atgggaacaa taaaccagta aaggcgcctc tgcaagagag atatgtggag aaaatcatca
      421 ttcatgaaaa atacaactct gcgacagagg gaaatgacat tgccctcgtg gagatcaccc
      481 ctcccatttc gtgtgggcgc ttcattgggc cgggctgcct gccccacttt aaggcaggcc
      541 tccccagagg ctcccagagc tgctgggtgg ccggctgggg atatatagaa gagaaagccc
      601 ccaggccatc atctatactg atggaggcac gtgtggatct catcgacctg gacttgtgta
      661 actcgaccca gtggtacaat gggcgcgttc agccaaccaa tgtgtgcgcg gggtatcctg
      721 taggcaagat cgacacctgc cagggagaca gcggcgggcc tctcatgtgc aaagacagca
      781 aggaaagcgc ctatgtggtc gtgggaatca caagctgggg ggtaggctgt gcccgtgcca
      841 agcgccccgg aatctacacg gccacctggc cctatctgaa ctggatcgcc tccaagattg
      901 gttctaacgc tttgcgtatg attcaatcgg ccacccctcc acctcccacc actcgaccgc
      961 ccccgattcg accccccttc tcccacccta tctctgctca ccttccttgg tatttccaac
     1021 cgccccctcg accacttcca ccccgaccac cggcagccca gccccgaccc ccaccttcac
     1081 ccccgccccc acccccacct ccagcctcac ctttaccccc acccccaccc ccacccccac
     1141 ctacaccctc atctaccaca aaacttcccc aaggactttc ttttgccaag cgcctacagc
     1201 agctcataga ggtcttgaag gggaagacct attccgacgg aaagaaccat tatgacatgg
     1261 agaccacaga gctcccagaa ctgacctcga cctcctgatc tgacctggtt ctcaacagac
     1321 ccagtgagcc cttcactcct gagaaaaagg aaagatgaaa taaataaata aacatatata
     1381 tatagatata cacacacaca tatctgtatg tatacatgca tatacatcaa
//
